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electrical connectors
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Abstract Time-domain based characterization methods, mainly time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and time-domain transmissometry (TDT), have been used to locate faults in twisted cables, telegraph lines, and connectors in the electrical and telecommunication industry. This article provides a brief...
Abstract
Time-domain based characterization methods, mainly time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and time-domain transmissometry (TDT), have been used to locate faults in twisted cables, telegraph lines, and connectors in the electrical and telecommunication industry. This article provides a brief review of conventional TDR and its application limitations to advanced packages in semiconductor industry. The article introduces electro optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) and discusses how its improvements of using high frequency impulse signal addressed application challenges and quickly made it a well-adopted tool in the industry. The third part of this article introduces a new method which combines impulse signal and the TDT concept, and discusses a combo TDR and TDT method. Cases studies and application notes are shared and discussed for each technique. Application benefits and limitations of these techniques (TDR, EOTPR, and combo TDR/TDT) are summarized and compared.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... be used to higher temperatures than unclad thermocouples. Omega sells a type K metal-sheathed thermocouple rated for a maximum temperature of 1205 °C (2201 °F). These thermocouples are supplied with an electrical connector on the end, as shown in Fig. A5 , and various connector sizes and types...
Abstract
Temperature is a critical process parameter in the heat treatment and forging of steel and must be accurately measured to properly control it. This appendix discusses the operating principles of thermocouples and infrared pyrometers, describing the various types as well as advantages and applications.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... , a system failure was defined as a system not doing something when it is supposed to do it or doing something when it is not supposed to. An inadvertent launch of a nuclear missile certainly falls into this latter category. A nuclear missile launch involves thousands of parts and numerous electrical...
Abstract
Fault-tree analysis is a graphical technique that identifies all events and combinations of events that can produce an undesired event. This chapter emphasizes several fault-tree analysis concepts, examining with examples how all three categories of charting symbols (events, gates, and transfer symbols) come together to generate a fault-tree analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... as the alloy content. Typical applications of cold-worked wrought alloys (cold-worked tempers) include springs; fasteners, hardware, small gears, cams, electrical contacts, and electronic components, such as connectors and lead frames. Certain types of parts, most notably plumbing fittings and valves...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of copper and its alloys. It begins with an overview of the characteristics, applications, and commercial grades of wrought and cast copper. It then discusses the role of alloying, explaining how zinc, tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel affect the physical and mechanical properties of coppers and high-copper alloys as well as brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and nickel silvers. It also explains how alloying affects electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stress-corrosion cracking, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... systems work: Interviewing the system designers and development engineers is a great place to start. Most systems are complex, and it may be that no single engineer knows how the entire system is supposed to work. The failure analysis team may have to interview mechanical, electrical, and software...
Abstract
A system failure occurs when a system does not do what it is supposed to do when it is supposed to do it, or it does something it is not supposed to do. This chapter provides a basic understanding of how failures occur, how systems operate, and the types of failures, namely intermittent and inadvertent system failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article explains how alloying elements affect the properties and behaviors of electrical contacts. It describes the composition, strength, hardness, and conductivity of a wide range of contact alloys and composites based on silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten...
Abstract
This article explains how alloying elements affect the properties and behaviors of electrical contacts. It describes the composition, strength, hardness, and conductivity of a wide range of contact alloys and composites based on silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and related oxides and carbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... xxx alloys in T73 and T76 tempers are required to have specified minimum values of electrical conductivity and, in some cases, tensile yield strengths that fall within specified ranges. The validity of these properties as measures of resistance to SCC is based on many correlation studies involving...
Abstract
Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors that influence its formation. It covers alloy selection and mitigation techniques and includes examples of SCC in aircraft components. The chapter also addresses corrosion fatigue, explaining how different environments and operating conditions affect crack propagation, fatigue strength, and fatigue life. It includes information on liquid-metal embrittlement as well.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... command event. In other words, can the command event above the OR gate be induced by another command event in addition to the part failure? For example, if a command event shows inadvertent electrical energy presence on a wire, a part failure could be the wire insulation allowing it to short circuit...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... are of primary importance include electrical housings, connectors, and circuit support elements. The dielectric properties are of primary importance in housings for active electrical components and coverings for communication wiring. In both cases, it is often necessary to include flammability properties...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... into structures, even if they were assumed to be sealed. Continuous vibrations and mechanical shocks during operation. Outgassing from rubber seals, tires and plastics find its way into electronic circuits. Carbon contact pads in numerous electric (servo-) motors (for instance for window lifts, seat...
Abstract
Root cause of failure in automotive electronics cannot be explained by the failure signatures of failed devices. Deeper investigations in these cases reveals that a superimposition of impact factors, which can never be represented by usual qualification testing, caused the failure. This article highlights some of the most frequent early life failure types in automotive applications. It describes some of the critical things to be considered while handling packages and printed circuit board layout. The article also provides information on failure anamnesis that shows how to use history, failure signatures, environmental conditions, regional failure occurrences, user profile issues, and more in the failure analysis process to improve root cause findings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... as a blend in other rubbers Thiokol (PS) Polysulfide Widely used for potting of electrical connectors R EPR Ethylene-propylene Good general-purpose electrical properties R EPT Ethyl-propylene terpolymer Good general-purpose electrical properties CSM Hypalon (HYP) Chlorosulfonated...
Abstract
This article discusses electrical testing and recommended procedures for determining the electrical properties of insulating materials, with particular emphasis on plastics. It describes the electrical characteristics of various forms of plastics and also presents definitions of the terms used in connection with testing and specifying plastics for electrical applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... increase susceptibility to SCC. The SCC failure of brass electrical connectors in an outdoor environment, reported in Ref 7.10 , is a good practical example of this type of failure. The heads on the connectors were formed by cold forging, which led to rapid failure in the field application. Previously...
Abstract
This chapter describes the conditions under which copper-base alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and some of the environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and corrosion potential, that influence crack growth and time to failure. It explains that, although most of the literature has been concerned with copper zinc alloys in ammoniacal solutions, there are a number of alloy-environment combinations where SCC has been observed. The chapter discusses several of these cases and the effect of various application parameters, including composition, microstructure, heat treatment, cold working, and stress intensity. It also provides information on stress-corrosion testing, mitigation techniques, and basic cracking mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... corrosion resistance in copper-zinc tube alloys, tin also provides good combinations of strength, formability, and electrical conductivity required for various electrical connectors. Special brasses are those that contain additional alloying elements such as aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, silicon...
Abstract
Copper is often used in the unalloyed form because pure copper is more conductive than copper alloys. Alloying elements are added to optimize strength, ductility, and thermal stability, with little negative effect on other properties such as conductivity, fabricability, and corrosion resistance. This chapter covers the classification, composition, properties, and applications of copper alloys, including brasses, bronzes, copper-nickel, beryllium-copper, and casting alloys. It also examines wrought copper alloys and pure coppers. The chapter begins with an overview of the copper production process and concludes with a discussion on corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170550
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... connectors and relays to improve reliability, and alloys of gold with silver, nickel, platinum, and copper. These alloys are described in the article “ Electrical Contact Alloys .” Dental Alloys A variety of gold-base alloys are available for dental applications. For example, gold-base alloys for hard...
Abstract
This article discusses the compositions, properties, and uses of silver, gold, and platinum group metals, including platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium. It describes the role of various alloying elements and explains how they affect physical, mechanical, and electrical properties as well as corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of penetrating nearby buildings. Electrical connectors for low-current circuits are generally gold or gold-base alloys. Because of the high cost of gold, very thin electroplated gold coatings are used for contacts. Gold plate thicknesses as small as 0.25 μm (0.01 mil) are used. When electric contacts...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
.... Pure copper is ductile and it is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It has a face-centered cubic crystal structure and unalloyed, it does not respond to hardening by heat treatment. Pure copper can only be made harder by cold working (like rolling and drawing). Copper alloys also have pleasing...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... that typically call for small quantities of material. Pen points, electrical connectors, dentistry, and pivot points in fine balances are examples of uses of precious metals. Platinum-iridium alloys are very resistant to food acids and are useful in dental restorations. Aluminum Aluminum, the third most...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... in the joint. The pin-socket type of temporary joints in modern electrical, telephone, and computer connectors allow temporary joining of cables in only one way. These joint designs strongly discourage any inadvertent misalignment or wrong orientation of the connectors and thereby eliminate a variety...
Abstract
Joining comprises a large number of processes used to assemble individual parts into a larger, more complex component or assembly. The selection of an appropriate design to join parts is based on several considerations related to both the product and the joining process. Many product design departments now improve the ease with which products are assembled by using design for assembly (DFA) techniques, which seek to ensure ease of assembly by developing designs that are easy to assemble. This chapter discusses the general guidelines for DFA and concurrent engineering rules before examining the various joining processes, namely fusion welding, solid-state welding, brazing, soldering, mechanical fastening, and adhesive bonding. In addition, it provides information on several design considerations related to the joining process and selection of the appropriate process for joining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910497
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... of electricity that has passed. anodic inhibitor. A chemical substance or mixture that prevents or re- duces the rate of the anodic or oxidation reaction. See also inhibitor. anodic polarization. The change of the electrode potential in the noble (positive) direction due to current flow. See also polarization...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.9781627082501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1