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dynamic stripping
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... Abstract This appendix presents a close-form solution to determine the stress distribution around a hole of any shape or size in a strip of any material of any width. It also compares the close-form equation to classical solutions and the results of finite element analysis, demonstrating near...
Abstract
This appendix presents a close-form solution to determine the stress distribution around a hole of any shape or size in a strip of any material of any width. It also compares the close-form equation to classical solutions and the results of finite element analysis, demonstrating near perfect matches in each case.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... Tg , H ⋅ F RS ⋅ F T ⋅ F CS W ⋅ t where Δ P = pin load at the hole of interest (i.e., transferred local load) P BP = bypass load across the section W = specimen or strip width in row of interest t= specimen or strip thickness in row...
Abstract
Stress severity factors are used in design and analysis to account for stress concentrations, variations in material properties and fabrication quality, and other analytical uncertainties. They indicate the severity of stress in areas that are prone to crack development. This appendix discusses stress severity factors associated with fastener holes in attachment joints.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... upset tests were conducted with different temperatures, strains, strain rates, as-preheated grain sizes, and postdeformation hold times to characterize dynamic recrystallization during forging and meta-dynamic recrystallization and static grain growth during postforging cooldown. Both the MTS Systems...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development and use of microstructure models for optimizing superalloy forging operations. It describes how the processes that control grain structure evolution during hot working were used in model formulation and compares predicted microstructures with experimental results.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... material is sheared to a desired shape. In blanking, the removed piece of material is the product, whereas in piercing, the material that is removed is scrap, while the remaining part of the strip is the product ( Fig. 1.1 ). Blanking or piercing is used in almost all sheet-forming operations. The size...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the blanking process and the forces and stresses involved. It discusses the factors that affect part quality and tool life, including punch and die geometry, stagger, clearance, and wear as well as punch velocities, misalignment, and snap-thru forces. It also discusses ultra-high-speed blanking, fine blanking, and shearing, and the use finite-element simulations to predict part edge quality.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... are reviewed. The background and purpose of each application are presented and practical cases are discussed. high-pressure cold spray process automotive industry additive manufacturing fabrication methods protective coatings THE COLD SPRAY (or cold gas dynamic spray, CGDS) process is a novel...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of high-pressure cold spray to the automotive industry field, with special attention to three applications: additive manufacturing, fabrication methods, and protective coatings. Various studies on the automotive application of cold spray are reviewed. The background and purpose of each application are presented and practical cases are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
..., provides a dynamic stress state equivalent to that produced in a quasi-static tensile test on a wide sheet versus a thin strip of material. A difficulty encountered in this type of test is the need for an impulse to be generated simultaneously in time along the axis of the cylinder. Because explosive...
Abstract
High strain rate tensile testing is used to understand the response of materials to dynamic loading. The behavior of materials under high strain rate tensile loads may differ considerably from that observed in conventional tensile tests. This chapter discusses the processes involved in determining strain rate effects in tension by conventional tensile tests and covers expanding ring tests, flat plate impact tests, split-Hopkinson pressure bar tests, and rotating wheel tests.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... and the required tolerances, the compressive prestress generated may be too low. STRECON Technology has developed strip-wound radially prestressed containers with strength that is 2 to 3 times that of conventional stress rings [ Groenbaek et al., 1997 ]. The high strength makes it possible to provide an optimum...
Abstract
This chapter defines near-net shape forging as the process of forging parts close to their final dimensions such that little machining or only grinding is required as a final step. It then describes the causes of dimensional variations in forging, including die deflection, press deflection, and process inconsistencies, and discusses related innovations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
..., space, and time. FIG. 13.5 Twin roll casting uses two copper water-cooled, counter-rotating rolls. The Castrip process produces a thin strip that requires minimal rolling to achieve finished size. Source: www.castrip.com . The Castrip concept was adopted at the Nucor plant...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of steel minimills in the late 1960s through the leadership of F. Kenneth Iverson and Gerald Heffernan. The discussion covers the development of processes for flat products, flanged beams, and railroad rails. The chapter also covers the growth of the minimill industry along with the consolidation of the industry into large corporations. The chapter ends by providing information on novel processes developed for making iron.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... applications. 3.1.1.1 Match Plate Molding Molds are usually produced in two parts by compacting prepared sand over patterns mounted on plates. The molds are stripped from the patterns and assembled for pouring. The sprue and gates for the metal entry as well as the feeders to feed the solidification...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... a temperature in excess of 315 °C (600 °F). The oil then enters a distillation column where it is fractionated into various streams such as naphtha, kerosene, diesel, and other fuel oils. Stripping steam is normally added to the distillation column to aid in separation of the various fractions. Generally, water...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... a field of view limited to approximately 300 mm (12 in.). The dynamic range of systems with fluorescent screens can vary from 20 to 1 for raw images to 1000 to 1 with digital processing and a large number of frames averaged. Image Intensifier Tubes Image intensifier tubes are glass enclosed vacuum...
Abstract
This chapter discusses radiography methods using x-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. It begins with a discussion on the applications and principles of radiography followed by sections providing information on the sources of radiation, classifications, and characteristics of x-ray tubes. Three primary attenuation processes of electromagnetic radiation, namely photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, are covered. The chapter then discusses the principles of shadow formation, the process involved in the conversion of radiation into a form suitable for observation, and the characteristics of x-ray film. It provides information on various exposure factors in film radiography. The chapter provides a description of the characteristics that differentiate neutron radiography from x-ray or gamma ray radiography. The application of neutron radiography is described in terms of its advantages for improved contrast on low atomic number materials, discrimination between isotopes, or inspection of radioactive specimens.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... gages are made up of a long, thin strip of conductive material arranged in a zigzag manner ( Fig. 15.2 ). Load cells typically contain multiple strain gages aligned and wired in a Wheatstone bridge circuit ( Fig. 15.3 ). When stress is applied to a strain gage, the resistance of the strain gage changes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of sensors used in sheet forming operations and the information they provide. It explains how force sensors protect equipment from overloads due to tool wear, friction, and misfeeds, how displacement and proximity sensors help to prevent die crashes, how acoustic emission, ultrasonic, and eddy current sensors detect tool breakage and part defects such as cracks, and how roller ball and optical sensors measure material flow. It also discusses the role of draw-in, wrinkle, oil-monitoring, and vision sensors and explains how material properties can be derived in real time from various sensor outputs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
...; it should be used only to correct wrinkles and springback. Perform stretch flanging before going into trimming. Use hard weld on all draw beads. High-wear die radii must be hard welded and polished to prevent stripping of steel coatings. Trim and pierce angles should be <10° for holes larger...
Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the experience-based guidelines that were developed for forming and welding advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). It discusses the benefits of using HSS in car body structures and components that are analyzed by the performance indices developed for materials selection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... materials and lubricants along with superplastic forming techniques. cutting lubricants sheet metal forming SHEET METAL forming processes usually employ hot or cold rolled sheet or strip material that is normally cold formed into the desired shape. Deformation is primarily by tension...
Abstract
This chapter describes sheet metal forming operations, including cutting, blanking, piercing, and bending as well as deep drawing, spinning, press-brake and stretch forming, fluid forming, and drop hammer and electromagnetic forming. It also discusses the selection and use of die materials and lubricants along with superplastic forming techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... titanium alloys Nominal compositions Oxygen, % Type alloy Stress, 6.89 MPa (1 ksi) for 0.1% deformation in 100 h at indicated temperature Products available 426 °C (800 °F) 482 °C (900 °F) 510 °C (950 °F) Sheet, strip, plate Bar, forging, fastener Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 0.08–0.20 α 5...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that govern the mechanical properties of titanium, beginning with the morphology of the alpha phase. It explains that the shape of the alpha phase has a significant effect on many properties, including hardness, tensile strength, toughness, and ductility as well as creep, fatigue strength, and fatigue crack growth rate. It also discusses the influence of other titanium phases and the properties of titanium-based intermetallic compounds, metal-matrix composites, and shape-memory alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
...), and the total separation is displayed on a video screen or strip chart as a chromatogram. Figure 3 shows the HPLC separation of a commercial polyimide (PI) resin system. Peak locations are associated with the chemical structure of the individual formulative components. The areas under the peaks...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterization techniques used for analyzing the physical behavior and chemical composition of thermoset resins, namely chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The main purpose is to give sufficient detail to permit the reader understand a particular test technique and its value to the thermoset resin field. Epoxy resins are emphasized in the examples because they dominate the airframe and aerospace industries. The article also provides information on two categories of characterization of the processing behavior of thermoset. The first studies the thermal properties of reactive thermoset systems, while the second utilizes these thermal characteristics as the basis for monitoring and control during processing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... Abstract The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...% of the absolute melting temperature. During hot working, the strain-hardened and distorted grain structure produced by deformation is rapidly eliminated by the formation of new strain-free grains as a result of recrystallization. Dynamic recrystallization occurs during deformation, while static recrystallization...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of two commonly classified metalworking processes, namely hot working and cold working. Primary metalworking processes, such as the bulk deformation processes used to conduct the initial breakdown of cast ingots, are always conducted hot. Secondary processes, which are used to produce the final product shape, are conducted either hot or cold. The chapter discusses the primary objectives, principal types, advantages, and disadvantages of both primary and secondary metalworking processes. They are rolling, forging, extrusion, sheet metal forming processes, blanking and piercing, bending, stretch forming, drawing, rubber pad forming, and superplastic forming.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
...); strain rate = 0.1 s –1 . Source: Ref 7.9 With increase in temperature, there is a decrease in the flow-stress values and the work-hardening exponent. Furthermore, the curve shows an asymptotic trend around 700 to 800 °C (1290 to 1470 °F). This behavior is due to the temperature-induced dynamic...
Abstract
Hot stamping is a forming process for ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSS) that maximizes formability while minimizing springback. This chapter covers several aspects of hot stamping, including the methods used, the effect of process variables, and the role of finite-element analysis in process development and die design. It also discusses heating methods, cooling mechanisms, and the role of coatings in preventing oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... plane stress plastic zone, but approximately 23% larger. The Dugdale zone width is shaped like a long, thin strip in front of the crack tip, whereas the Irwin or Rice plastic zone is circular. As mentioned in Chapters 1 and 2 , yielding of a structural piece can be determined by elastic-plastic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.