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ductile iron
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Abstract Ductile iron has far superior mechanical properties compared to gray iron as well as significantly improved castability and attractive cost savings compared to cast steel. This chapter begins with information on graphite morphology and matrix type. It then discusses the advantages...
Abstract
Ductile iron has far superior mechanical properties compared to gray iron as well as significantly improved castability and attractive cost savings compared to cast steel. This chapter begins with information on graphite morphology and matrix type. It then discusses the advantages and applications of ductile iron. Next, the effects of various factors on the grades, chemistry, matrix, and mechanical properties of ductile iron are covered. This is followed by a section detailing the ductile iron treatment methods and the quality control methods used. Guidelines for gating and feeder design are then provided. Further, the chapter addresses the technology of ductile iron castings, including the performance and geometric attributes, molding and core-making processes used, material grades, mechanical properties, and chemical compositions of a few applications. Finally, it describes ductile iron casting defects and presents practical cases of problem-solving.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... of austemperability requirements. Then outlines of austenitizing and austempering cycles and resultant microstructures are presented. This is followed by sections discussing the mechanical properties, advantages, limitations, machinability, process variants, and applications of austempered ductile iron (ADI...
Abstract
Unlike conventional quench and temper heat treatment, austempering is an iron and steel heat-treatment process that enhances mechanical properties through the isothermal transformation of austenite with a minimum amount of quenching stresses. This chapter begins with a discussion of austemperability requirements. Then outlines of austenitizing and austempering cycles and resultant microstructures are presented. This is followed by sections discussing the mechanical properties, advantages, limitations, machinability, process variants, and applications of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Information on the growth of premachined ADI components is also provided. Further, the chapter describes two slightly different systems for austempering: atmospheric-salt and salt-salt systems. Finally, it presents general guidelines for component designers, casting manufacturers, and heat treaters to apply ADI more widely and with improved success.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170062
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article discusses the metallurgy and properties of ductile cast iron. It begins with an overview of ductile or spheroidal-graphite iron, describing the specifications, applications, and compositions. It then discusses the importance of composition control and explains how various...
Abstract
This article discusses the metallurgy and properties of ductile cast iron. It begins with an overview of ductile or spheroidal-graphite iron, describing the specifications, applications, and compositions. It then discusses the importance of composition control and explains how various alloying elements affect the properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics of ductile iron. The article describes the benefits of nickel and silicon additions in particular detail, explaining how they make ductile iron more resistant to corrosion, heat, and wear.
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in Influence of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties and Performance
> Iron and Steel Castings Engineering Guide
Published: 01 January 2022
Fig. 4.12 Comparison of properties of gray iron, malleable iron, ductile iron, and steel. Source: Ref 9
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in Applications of Iron and Steel Castings and the Impact of Electric Vehicles
> Iron and Steel Castings Engineering Guide
Published: 01 January 2022
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Published: 01 January 2022
Fig. 11.5 Thermal conductivity comparison of ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, and gray iron. Source: Ref 2
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in Surface Engineering to Change the Surface Metallurgy
> Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Published: 01 March 2001
Fig. 3 Erosive wear behavior of as-received and laser-melted gray and ductile irons. Source: Ref 3
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.88 Austempered ductile iron. Bainitic matrix (bainitic ferrite) and retained austenite (white areas). Structure known as ausferrite. Graphite nodules. Etchant: nital. Courtesy of J. Sertucha, Azterlan, Centro de Investigacion Metalurgica, Durango, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.89 Austempered ductile iron. Graphite, bainitic ferrite formed during austempering and retained austenite. Structure known as ausferrite. Etchant: nital. Courtesy of W. Guesser, Tupy Fundições, Joinville, SC, Brazil.
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 8 Influence of austenitizing temperature on hardness of ductile iron. Each value represents the average of three hardness readings. Specimens (13 mm, or ½ in., cubes) were heated in air for 1 h and water quenched. Source: Ref 8 , 9
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 9 Influence of tempering temperature on mechanical properties of ductile iron quenched from 870 °C (1600 °F) and tempered 2 h. Data represent irons from four heats with composition ranges of: 3.52 to 3.68% C, 2.28 to 2.35% Si, 0.02 to 0.04% P, 0.22 to 0.41% Mn, 0.69 to 0.99% Ni, and 0.045
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 11 Effect of austempering temperature on properties of ductile iron. (a) Yield strength and tensile strength vs. austempering temperature. (b) Impact strength vs. austempering temperature. Source: Ref 8 , 9
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in Alteration of Microstructure
> Metallographer’s Guide<subtitle>Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels</subtitle>
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 3.26 Microstructure of a ductile iron showing graphite nodules (gray) with rims of ferrite (white) in a matrix of pearlite. 4% picral etch. 100×
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in Alteration of Microstructure
> Metallographer’s Guide<subtitle>Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels</subtitle>
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 3.27 Microstructure of a graphite nodule in ductile iron showing the internal structure of the nodule radiating from the central nucleus. Polarized light. Unetched. 500×
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Published: 01 October 2011
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 10.16 As-cast and annealed microstructure of a ductile iron. (a) As-cast pearlitic condition (grade 85-55-06) with graphite nodules in envelopes of ferrite (bull’s-eye structure) in a matrix of pearlite. (b) Same iron but annealed for 6 h at 788 °C (1450 °F) and furnace cooled to a lower
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 10.17 Hardened zone from the surface of a flame-hardened ductile iron. (a) Graphite nodule (black) in a martensitic matrix with some retained austenite (white). (b) Same iron but cast in a thicker section, which resulted in larger graphite nodules
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Published: 01 October 2011
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 10.20 Tensile strength versus elongation of ductile iron with different heat treatments or as-cast conditions.
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 10.22 Microstructure of austempered ductile iron (Fe-3.6C-2.5Si-0.052Mg-0.7Cu). AF, acicular ferrite; A, austenite; M, martensite. The casting was austempered at 900 °C (1650 °F), held 2 h, taken to salt bath at 360 °C (680 °F), held 30 min, and air cooled. (a) Etched with 4% nital. (b
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