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Image
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 7 Principle of ultrasonic flaw detection for cold drawn wires using three detection mode probes. Source: Ref 2
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Image
in High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 15.9 Tensile strength as a function of wire diameter for patented and drawn wires in steels with pearlitic microstructures. Source: Ref 15.30 . References to the investigations noted are given in Ref 15.30 .
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Image
in Metallographic Technique—Electron Microscopy and Other Advanced Techniques
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 6.10 Atom probe tomography results of pearlitic steel wires cold drawn to different strains (indicated in the pictures). 3D carbon atom maps parallel and transverse to the wire drawing direction are shown. Dots are carbon atoms. Carbon iso-concentration surfaces 7 at.% are shown. Figure
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... and drawn wires. aging delamination drawn wires fracture galvanizing patented wires pearlite rail applications rail steel torsional deformation wire applications THE TRANSFORMATION OF AUSTENITE to pearlite has been described in Chapter 4, “Pearlite, Ferrite, and Cementite...
Abstract
This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.
Image
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.37 Longitudinal cross section of a AISI 1006 steel wire cold drawn from 5.5 to 1.15 mm (0.2 to 0.06 in.) diameter. (a) As drawn (cold worked), hardness 249 HV 100 gf. (b) Annealed, hardness 135 HV 100 gf. The hardness impressions, performed with the same load, are visible
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Image
in High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 15.8 Tensile strength as a function of wire diameter for patented and drawn pearlitic hypereutectoid steel wires. Source: Ref 15.29
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Image
in High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... in circumferential direction Marker Two for near-surface flaw and inside flaw Source: Ref 2 Ultrasonic Flaw Detection on Cold Drawn Wires Surface flaw inspection is important for drawn wires. A rotation type eddy current flaw detection system is used for quality assurance. For drawn wires...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inspection of steel bars for the detection and evaluation of flaws. The principles involved also apply, for the most part, to the inspection of steel wire. The nondestructive inspection methods discussed include magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection. Eddy current and magnetic permeability are also covered.
Image
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 13 Plot of eddy current signal output versus flaw depth to measure detectability of flaws, specifically cracks (open circles) and scabs (closed circles), in cold drawn wires. Source: Ref 2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... hydroextrusion process for preparing bars for wire drawing, mainly to take advantage of the resulting refined microstructure [ 4 – 6 ]. The distinction between bar and wire is subjective. Bar is generally of larger diameter (over 6 mm) and is drawn straight, although the smaller gages are sometimes produced...
Abstract
Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction, heat, strain, and distortion for different tooling configurations and geometries. It explains how to select and apply lubricants based on drawing speed, die design, and other factors and how to maintain sufficient film thickness for hydrodynamic, mixed, and solid-film lubrication conditions. It also discusses the use of vibrating dies, the influence of surface finish and defects, and lubrication practices for specific materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... was probably first made there and, while the starting material would ideally have been drawn wire, it is now generally conceded that this wire was actually forged in swaging dies. Cast bronze anvils survived the Bronze Age with indentations that probably served for the forging of needles, and the goldsmiths...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of the history of metal working processes, the use of lubricants, and the study of friction and wear. It also explains how the book is organized and describes the method of treatment used by the authors.
Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 6.13 (Part 1) Patented wires. (a) to (d) 0.6% C (0.59C-0.06Si-0.67Mn, wt%). (a) Air quenched. 260 HV. Picral. 500×. (b) Air quenched; drawn to 85% reduction in area. 450 HV. Picral. 2000×. (c) Lead quenched to 500 °C. 300 HV. Picral. 500×. (d) Lead quenched to 500 °C; drawn
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... in the production of drawn wire or tubing. Extrusions are also used to produce starting billets for either hot or cold forging processes. A hollow extrusion, or tube, can be produced by two methods: seamless or porthole die. A seamless extrusion is fabricated from a billet with a hole in the center ( Fig...
Abstract
Aluminum shapes, rod, bar, tubes, and wire may be produced directly as extrusions or by subsequent processing of continuous cast stock. This chapter describes the key aspects of aluminum extrusion and wire production focusing on the more common hot extrusion process and presenting the general types of aluminum extrusion alloys. An overview of free-machining alloys and products, and weldable 6xxx and 7xxx high-strength structural alloys is also provided.
Image
in High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 15.13 Schematic diagram of a length of wire showing orientations of shear stresses produced during torsion and a longitudinal shear band that may lead to delamination fracture of patented and drawn pearlitic wires. Source: Ref 15.47
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Image
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.36 Longitudinal cross section of a AISI 1006 steel wire with diameter of 1.15 mm (0.05 in.) (a) As drawn (cold worked). (b) Annealed. Etchant: nital 2%. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Aços Longos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., copper alloys such as brasses are the largest zinc consumers. Rolled zinc is the principal form in which wrought zinc alloys are supplied, although drawn zinc wire for thermal spraying (metallizing) is used increasingly often. In the zinc-chemical category, zinc oxide is the major compound. Cast...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of zinc and its alloys. It explains where cast and wrought zinc alloys are used, describes commercial designations and grades, and discusses the effect of various alloying elements on properties and performance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... ( Fig. 7.2 ). Wire can be drawn in the laboratory, even on a tension testing machine. Thus, low speed wiredrawing has been used for evaluating lubricant substitution and brass rolling emulsions and the order of merit was correctly predicted. Obviously, success must have been due to the very limited aim...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical overview of the tools and techniques used to assess the tribological aspects of metal forming processes. It describes test methods that have been developed to evaluate bulk deformation and sheet metal forming processes along with lubricant rheology, friction forces, and stress and strain distributions. It explains how to measure temperature between tooling and workpiece surfaces as well as surface topography and composition, film thickness, and wear. It also discusses the benefits of reduced-scale and simulation testing and the transfer of results from one process to another.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
.... beryllium extrusion forging formability forming rolling spinning wire drawing THIS CHAPTER COVERS various metalworking methods used to manufacture a beryllium product, including rolling, forming, forging, extrusion, wire drawing, spinning, and near-net shape forming. The method normally used...
Abstract
The vast majority of beryllium products are manufactured from blocks, forms, or billets of compacted powder that are machined or worked into shape. This chapter describes the metalworking processes used, including rolling, forming, forging, extrusion, drawing, and spinning. It covers the qualitative and quantitative aspects of each process and provides examples showing how they are implemented and the results that can be achieved. The chapter also discusses the issue of beryllium’s low formability and describes some of the advancements that have been made in near-net shape processing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... with proeutectoid ferrite and cementite. It explains how ferrite and pearlite respond to deformation and how related features such as slip lines, dislocations, shear bands, and kinking can be detected as well as what they reveal. It also describes the structure of patented wires, cast steels, and sintered steels...
Abstract
This chapter examines the microstructure and properties of annealed and normalized steels containing more than 0.25% carbon. It shows, using detailed micrographs, how incrementally higher levels of carbon affect the structure and distribution of pearlite and how it intermingles with proeutectoid ferrite and cementite. It explains how ferrite and pearlite respond to deformation and how related features such as slip lines, dislocations, shear bands, and kinking can be detected as well as what they reveal. It also describes the structure of patented wires, cast steels, and sintered steels and the morphology of manganese sulfide inclusions in castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... the deformation of ferrite that resulted from the drawing operation. Etchant: nital 2%. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Aços Longos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Figures 12.36 and 12.37 compare the microstructures of AISI 1006 wires as cold drawn and annealed. The striking differences in the microstructure...
Abstract
With cold work, mechanical strength (measured either by yield strength or ultimate tensile strength) increases and ductility (measured by elongation, reduction of area, or fracture toughness) normally decreases. This chapter discusses the mechanisms that produce these changes and the factors that influence them. It explains how cold working increases dislocation density and how that affects the stress-strain characteristics of steel, particularly the onset of deformation. It describes the effects of deformation on ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite, and how to optimize their microstructure for various applications through controlled deformation. It also provides information on subcritical annealing, the examination and control of texture, the use of optical microscopy to monitor the effects of recrystallization, and the effect of cold working on threaded fasteners, nails, and filaments used to manufacture cords.
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