Search Results for disintegration

This chapter describes the characteristic damage of a mid-air explosion and how it appears in metal debris recovered from crash sites of downed aircraft. It explains that explosive forces produce telltale signs such as petaling, curling, spalling, spikes, reverse slant fractures, and metal deposits. Explosive forces can also cause ductile metals such as aluminum to disintegrate into tiny pieces and are associated with chemicals that leave residues along with numerous craters on metal surfaces. The chapter provides examples of the different types of damage as revealed in the investigation of two in-flight bombings.

This chapter assesses the potential impact of neural networks on package-level failure analysis, the challenges presented by next-generation semiconductor packages, and the measures that can be taken to maximize FA equipment uptime and throughput. It presents examples showing how neural networks have been trained to detect and classify PCB defects, improve signal-to-noise ratios in SEM images, recognize wafer failure patterns, and predict failure modes. It explains how new packaging strategies, particularly stacking and disintegration, complicate fault isolation and evaluates the ability of various imaging methods to locate defects in die stacks. It also presents best practices for sample preparation, inspection, and navigation and offers suggestions for improving the reliability and service life of tools.

Containment materials used in power generating applications are subject to molten salt corrosion. This chapter reviews the data relevant to corrosion problems in molten salt environments. It describes the corrosion behavior of steel, aluminum, nickel, and titanium alloys in molten chlorides, molten nitrates, molten fluorides, molten carbonates, and molten sodium hydroxide.

Increasing growth of high-pressure cold spraying applications on the industrial scale have forced global powder producers to face this challenge and develop specific powders for cold spray applications. This chapter provides information on the properties, classification, characteristics, manufacturing, and procedures for packaging of powders specific to cold spray applications.

During cyclic spin tests, the turbine disc in an aircraft engine broke apart with a loud noise, followed by a fire. Based on a detailed examination and the results of SEM fractography and hardness measurements, failure analysts concluded that a locking plate became dislodged due to the shearing of the screws that hold it in place. They also provided recommendations to remediate the problem.

This chapter describes the corrosion behavior of beryllium in gaseous atmospheres, including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. It also discusses the development of high-temperature corrosion-resistant beryllium alloys.

This chapter recounts some of the early efforts and milestones in the development of stainless steel powders and their use in powder metallurgy applications.

This chapter provides a brief history of powder metallurgy from its earliest known uses to present day applications.

This chapter includes a comprehensive set of definitions used in powder-binder processing.

This article provides a review of the biodegradation mechanisms of plastics, presents the definitions, and describes the means of measurement of biodegradation and biodeterioration. Various experimental examples of microbial degradation, namely fungal attack in cellophane and amylose films, starch-based polyethylene films, films with modified starch additives, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-valerate)-biodegradable plastic, and biodisintegration and biodegradation studies of plastic-starch blends, are also presented.

Several limitations in achieving optimal gear performance with conventional nitriding have led researchers to work on a variety of novel and improved nitriding processes. Of these, ion/plasma nitriding offers some promising results, which are reviewed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a case history describing the application of ion nitriding to an internal ring gear of an epicyclic gearbox.

Stainless steel powders are usually made by water or gas atomization. This chapter describes both processes and the properties and characteristics of the powders they produce. It also discusses secondary processes, including drying, screening, annealing, and lubricating, and the effects of iron contamination on corrosion resistance.

Iron and steel castings require cleaning as they come out of the shakeout units to remove any burned sand and sand that may remain stuck from the mold. This chapter presents the casting cleaning operation sequence. The sequence includes shot blasting; decoring or removal of cores from castings; degating or removal of runners, gates, and feeders; and flash removal and automation. The chapter also presents the objectives of heat treatment and discusses its processes. The chapter describes product quality control. Quality checks are grouped into three categories: material checks, product checks, and functional checks.

This chapter discusses the compositions, properties, and applications of nonferrous metals, including zirconium, hafnium, beryllium, lead, tin, gold, silver, and platinum group metals. It also addresses fusible alloys and provides melting temperatures for several compositions.