Fig. 1.9 Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding of titanium. (a) Schematic of the steps involved. (b) Typical three-sheet titanium alloy component formed superplastically and diffusion bonded. (c) Cross section through a diffusion-bonded joint in titanium alloy, made at 980 °C (1795 °F More

Fig. 6.1 Sequence of metallurgical stages in the diffusion bonding process. (a) Initial contact: limited to a few asperities (room temperature). (b) First stage: deformation of surface asperities by plastic flow and creep. (c) Second stage: grain-boundary diffusion of atoms to the voids More

Fig. 6.3 Typical diffusion bonding equipment. Source: Ref 6.1 More

Fig. 6.4 Schematic of four-sheet superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) process More

Fig. 5.25 Two-sheet superplastic forming/diffusion bonding process. Source: Ref 5.13 More

Fig. 5.26 Three-sheet superplastic forming/diffusion bonding process. Source: Ref 5.13 More

Fig. 5.27 Example of a four-sheet superplastic forming/diffusion bonding process in which the outer sheets are formed first, and the center sheets are then formed and bonded to the outer two sheets. Source: Ref 5.13 More

Fig. 5.41 Sequence of metallurgical stages in the diffusion bonding process. (a) Deformation of surfaces at high temperature and low pressure. (b) Formation of a metallic bond. (c) Diffusion across the faying surfaces. (d) Grain growth across interface. Source: Ref 5.19 More

Fig. 9.29 Secondary diffusion bonding of titanium-matrix composite (TMC) spars. HIP, hot isostatic pressing. Source: Ref 9.16 More

Fig. 9.12 Vacuum hot press used for diffusion bonding of turbofan disks and/or hubs. Courtesy of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Group More

Fig. 9.13 Wing carry-through fabricated by diffusion bonding of 533 individual details. Courtesy of Rockwell International Corp. More

Fig. 18.2 Trade study example. SPF/DB, super plastic forming/diffusion bonding More

Fig. 20.27 Diffusion bonding progression. Source: Ref 9 More

Fig. 20.28 Secondary diffusion bonding of titanium matrix composite (TMC) spars. HIP, hot isostatic pressing More

Fig. 20.29 Methods for making superplastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) titanium matrix composite (TMC) reinforced parts More

Fig. 1.32 Temperature/pressure curve for diffusion bonding of gold, for a process time of 1 h. The line on the graph differentiates between joints of acceptable (above) and unsatisfactory (below) tensile joint strength after fabrication. More

Fig. 1.33 Temperature/pressure curve for diffusion bonding of indium, for a process time of 1 h. Good-quality joints are obtained from the conditions above the boundary line and lesser-quality or no joint from those below. More

Fig. 37 Example of a four-sheet superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) process in which the outer sheets are formed first and the center sheets are then formed and bonded to the outer two sheets. Source: Ref 22 More

Fig. 23.30 Variations of lap joints for diffusion bonding. Source: Hauser et al. 1965 More

Fig. 23.31 Joint designs in diffusion bonding. (a) Conventional tee joint. (b) Insert lap joint to minimize residual stress due to differential coefficient of thermal expansion. Source: Hauser et al. 1965 More