Fig. 21.1 Factors affecting die steel selection [ Nagpal et al., 1980 ] More

Fig. 17-6 Premature failure of a 5% Cr hot-work die steel caused by the severe stress-concentration effect of very sharp corners More

Fig. 21.2 Hot hardness of hot work die steels (measurements made after holding at testing temperature for 30 min.). Courtesy of Latrobe Steel Co. More

Fig. 21.3 Resistance of hot work die steels to softening during elevated-temperature exposure as measured by room-temperature hardness. Courtesy of Universal Cyclops Steel Corp. More

Fig. 21.4 Resistance of die steels to plastic deformation at elevated temperatures (values in parentheses indicate hardness at room temperature). Courtesy of Universal Cyclops Steel Corp. and A. Finkl and Sons Co. More

Fig. 21.8 Ductility of various die steels at high temperatures [ Nagpal, 1976a ] More

Fig. 7.79 Section die for the production of the steel section at right. The die aperture has a heavily rounded entry. The mantle surface of the die is cylindrical, with a shoulder for location in the die holder. Source: Krupp/Hoesch, Schwerte More

Figure 9.29: Effect of die angle on mean die pressure in drawing of steel strip using rapeseed oil as the lubricant. More

Fig. 17 (a) Front view of an AISI O1 tool steel die that cracked during oil quenching. The die face contains holes that are close to the edge for safe quenching. (b) Side view of broken die halves showing the mating fracture surfaces and temper color (arrow) on the crack surfaces. Source: Ref More

Fig. 23 Plastic mold die made from AISI S7 tool steel that was found to be cracked before use. A crack followed the lower recessed contour of the large gear teeth and had an average depth of 1.6 mm. Smaller cracks were also observed on the flat surfaces. Source: Ref 16 More

Fig. 66 Micrographs of a broken carburized P5 tool steel die. Note the layer of cementite along the surface and the heavy grain-boundary network in (a). The case was 59.5 HRC, and the core was 22 GRC. (a) The case is shown at an original magnification of 100× (100 μm bar). (b) The case More

Fig. 15 (a) A2 tool steel blanking die, 63 mm (2½ in.) in diameter by 13 mm (½ in.) thick, that cracked in service because of a brittle zone that had formed during electrical discharge machining (EDM) of the cavity at center. Arrows point to cracks emanating from the cavity. Source: Ref 7 More

Fig. 16.3 (a) Use of inserts in a cast steel stamping die. CVD, chemical vapor deposition; PVD, physical vapor deposition. Source: Ref 16.8 . (b) Novel method of casting iron and steel. Source: Ref 16.23 More

Fig. 1.8 Effect of punch-die clearance on part edge quality in blanking DP590 steel of 1.4 mm (0.06 in.) thickness. Source: Ref 1.4 More

Fig. 2 Schematic cross section of an aluminum extrusion die made from H13 steel showing the bearing (wear) surface and a core with hardness of 38 to 44 HRC. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 14 Gross heat checking in a low-alloy tool steel forging die due to excessive temperature. Heat checking occurred after an undetermined number of 225 kg (500 lb) nickel-base alloy preforms had been forged from an average temperature of 1095 °C (2000 °F). Source: Ref 11 More

Fig. 5-4. Normal hot rolled steel bar flow lines have been pressed into a forging-die cavity to strengthen the ultimate product. More

Figure 9.33: Effect of die cooling on wear rate in drawing of 0.6% C steel wire (patented, phosphate/soap lubrication, reduced from 4.5 to 4.0 mm diameter at 6 m/s). More

Figure 11.40: Die pressures and shear stresses measured in upsetting of mild steel at 1000°C to 50% reduction in height ( d 0 = 35 mm; h 0 = 21 mm). 1 - Dry; 2 - graphite in water; 3 - copper in bentone grease. More

Figure 12.3: Dependence of flank wear on punch-to-die clearance in cutting of steel blanks. More