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de-coring
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... of the processes involved in post-casting operations, namely de-coring and de-gating. The key design aspects for consideration in water quenching during the T6 heat treatment are reviewed. The chapter also provides information on two critical cycle events important in engineering at the manufacturing facility...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various factors pertinent to gravity permanent mold (GPM) castings, along with their advantages, limitations, and significance. The discussion covers the geometric factors, process and manufacturing elements, gating practices, and feeding principles of and pouring systems in GPM. The influences of mold coatings on GPM and low pressure permanent mold castings are described. The chapter also discusses various processes involved in the engineering of core boxes and cooling of GPM for casting integrity and cycle time control. It provides information on some of the processes involved in post-casting operations, namely de-coring and de-gating. The key design aspects for consideration in water quenching during the T6 heat treatment are reviewed. The chapter also provides information on two critical cycle events important in engineering at the manufacturing facility: tipper cycle planning and table or cell cycle planning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... Capital Core-making and de-coring equipment Cycle times Core setting time, adds to the total cycle time Process costs Core cost, de-coring, inspection for core breakage and de-coring Man power Core making, core setting, de-coring, and inspection of cavity for core breakages and core lumps...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... Abstract Gas (atmosphere) carburizing is the de facto standard by which all other surface hardening techniques are measured and is the emphasis of this chapter. Initially, the chapter describes the process and equipment for gas carburizing. This is followed by sections discussing the processes...
Abstract
Gas (atmosphere) carburizing is the de facto standard by which all other surface hardening techniques are measured and is the emphasis of this chapter. Initially, the chapter describes the process and equipment for gas carburizing. This is followed by sections discussing the processes involved in quenching, hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears. Next, the chapter reviews the selection process of materials for carburized gears and provides information on carbon content, properties, and core hardness of gear teeth. The problems associated with carburizing are then covered, followed by the processes involved in heat treat distortion and shot peening of carburized and hardened gears. Information on grinding stock allowance on tooth flanks to compensate for distortion is also provided. The chapter further discusses the applications of carburized and hardened gears. Finally, it reviews vacuum carburizing and compares the attributes of conventional gas carburizing and vacuum carburizing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
...(f) is more suitable to reverse the casting for shot-blast cleaning on table-type machines and also to machine mating surfaces and bearing seats. Figure 6.2(g) shows a system used for large castings. The four-cored holes stay closed before de-coring and cleaning. Four lugs facilitate removal...
Abstract
The casting engineer contributes to a successful component design by offering expertise in molding, core making, and material characteristics and by recommending the most suitable casting process to use to meet quality and cost targets. The casting engineer's responsibilities include recommending locator positioning; advising about lugs, hooks, or holes for casting handling through all processes; determining the choice of a parting plane and pouring orientation; designing cores for accurate positioning, suitable venting, and proper cleaning; guiding decisions about wall thicknesses and junctions; making suggestions about casting design to eliminate distortion; optimizing the gating design for slag-free metal; and establishing the feeding techniques to eliminate shrink porosity. This chapter provides the guidelines for these responsibilities. In addition, the guidelines for the use of chaplets and chills in cast iron castings; guidelines for drafts, machine stock, tolerances, and contraction or shrink rule; and guidelines for pattern layouts and nesting are also covered.
Image
in Structural Steels and Steels for Pressure Vessels, Piping, and Boilers
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
) Core, composed of ferrite and pearlite. (c) Weld-deposited metal: acicular ferrite. Heat-affected zone. (d) Coarse martensite. (e) Transition zone with equiaxial and acicular ferrite and pearlite. Etchant: nital 2%. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Aços Longos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.9781627084475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
..., such as pattern storage and delivery, core room and core storage and delivery, sand storage preparation, delivery, and return sand systems, are built around the molding shop and conveyor lines. The placement of the shake-out, de-gating stations, and cleaning room can be engineered around the end of the molding...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... molding process. The low-pressure semipermanent molding process uses steel molds with expendable sand cores, like the gravity semipermanent molding process. The process applications range from decorative automotive wheels to critical safety components for automotive chassis (substructure) and complex...
Abstract
The low-pressure permanent molding (LPPM) and semipermanent molding (LPSPM) processes are versatile, and they meet the quality requirements of a variety of high-integrity, large-sized, and thin-walled aluminum castings for various industries. This chapter presents the major features, operation sequence, advantages, and applications of LPPM, LPSPM, and counter-pressure casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Abstract The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis...
Abstract
The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis of the intermingling of the film adhesive/prepreg resin system. It discusses the causes and effects of honeycomb core movement, which results in core crush. The chapter also explains the formation of a void in honeycomb composites and the failure mechanisms in honeycomb sandwich structure composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Composition, % Ferritic Pearlitic Total carbon 2.2–2.9 2.0–2.9 Silicon 0.9–1.9 0.9–1.9 Manganese 0.2–0.6 0.2–1.3 Sulfur 0.02–0.2 0.05–0.2 Phosphorus 0.02–0.2 0.02–0.2 8.2.1 Process The malleabilization process is described as: The castings are de-gated...
Abstract
Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110652
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... to the several distinct ESD stress “Models” continues to challenge failure analysis capabilities as device dimensions shrink and critical defect sizes are reduced. Most of the ESD damage sites are not visible to optical microscopy and de-processing together with very high magnification examination using the SEM...
Abstract
In the Semiconductor I/C industry, it has been well documented that the proportion of factory and customer field returns attributed to device damage resulting from electrical over-stress (EOS) and electro-static discharge (ESD) can amount to 40 to 50%. This study entailed EOS and ESD simulation using a variety of models, namely the Human Body Model (HBM), the Charged Device Model (CDM) and the so-called Machine Model (MM), and then conducting electrical and physical failure analysis and comparing the results with documented analyses performed on customer field returns and factory failures. It is shown that a distinction can be made between EOS and ESD failures and between the characteristic failure signatures produced by the ESD models. The CDM physical failure location is at the input buffer and in the gate oxide, where as both HBM and MM failures occur mostly in the contacts at the input protection structures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
.... , Cezarc J.L. , Schaeffer L. , and Mattos Dias M.
de
, Study of Synchronous Machines with Permanent Magnets and Sintered Core for Wind Turbines Application , J. Electr. Syst. , Sept 2018 , p 466 – 480 , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327619306 14.30 Bittencourt...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... plate A second bottom board on which molds are opened. Bainite . . . In steel, an acicular aggregate of ferrite and carbide, resulting from an isothermal transformation of austenite at a temperature below the pearlitic range and above Ms. Baked Core . . . A core which has been heated for a sufficient...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... ladle. In wire inoculation, the core wire is filled with the granular inoculant that is automatically fed from the spool into the ladle using a programmable controlled feed mechanism. This is suitable for highly automated molding lines. For pouring stream inoculation, fine-sized (0.2 to 0.7 mm) ( Ref 4...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the crystal structures of steel and cast iron, the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram, microconstituents or phases in the iron-iron carbide phase diagram, the iron-carbon carbide-silicon equilibrium diagram of cast irons, and the influence on microstructure by base elements and alloying elements. Graphitization, cooling rates, and heat treatment effects are covered. There also is discussion on inoculation benefits, flake graphite types and typical applications, evolution of cast iron types, ASTM specification A247 for graphite shapes, and selection of the best molding process. A large table lists typical material choices for various applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of honeycomb panels and foam cores along with their respective applications and unique attributes. The chapter also discusses the cocuring process and its use in fabricating unitized structures. adhesive bonding composite processing honeycomb structures integral cocured structures SANDWICH...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sandwich and integral cocured structures, and the methods by which they are made. It begins by explaining where and how sandwich construction is used and why it is so efficient. It then describes the design and fabrication of honeycomb panels and foam cores along with their respective applications and unique attributes. The chapter also discusses the cocuring process and its use in fabricating unitized structures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... propagated to approximately one-third of the cross section. Final failure of the bolt had occurred by tensile overload as shown by the dimples in the fractograph Fig. CH51.6b . The core of the bolt M-2 shows equiaxed dimples, and the edge shows elongated dimples ( Fig. CH51.7a, b ). From the SEM...
Abstract
A pair of bolts on a connecting rod failed during a test run for a prototype engine. They were replaced by bolts made from a stronger material that also failed, one due to fatigue, the other by tensile overload. The fracture surfaces on all four bolts were examined using optical and electron microscopes, indicating that the operating loads on the bolts far exceeded the design loads. Based on their observations, which are summarized in the report, failure analysts concluded that the design of the connecting rod system needs to be reassessed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... mm. The microstructure at the case and at the core showed no abnormality. Hardness Microhardness survey across the section showed a hardness equivalent of 59 to 62 HRC in the case and 36 to 37 HRC in the core. Discussion Fractographic features clearly indicated fatigue crack...
Abstract
A driven gear in the gear box of an aircraft engine fractured after a 40 h test run. The driving gear and gear shaft were also damaged. Based on the results of fractography, chemical analysis, metallography, and hardness testing, the fracture was caused by a fatigue crack initiating at the corner of the inner rim near an inclusion. The report recommends the use of a cleaner material and more carefully controlling case hardening process.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... developed whereby the composite layers are separated by a lightweight material, making a sandwich structure. Typical materials used for the sandwich materials are honeycomb core or foam materials. Honeycomb core materials are usually based on Nomex (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), glass fiber...
Abstract
This chapter provides a general description of materials and methods for manufacturing high-performance composites. The materials covered are polymer matrices and prepreg materials and the methods include infusion processes, composite-toughening methods, matrix-toughening methods, and dispersed-phase toughening. In addition, the chapter provides information on interlayer-toughened composites and honeycomb or foam structure composite materials. It also discusses the processes in optical microscopy of composite materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.9781627082808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... on: Wall thickness Location of heavy junctions/and thick sections that might act as a heat sink Extent of coring Pouring temperature Gating and feeder positions Thermal properties of mold material Chills used The graphite size of gray iron castings is significantly affected...
Abstract
This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed by a section providing information on the practice of stress relieving. Next, the chapter details various ways of eliminating slag entrainment while designing gating and venting systems. Several factors related to the establishment of the optimum pouring rate and time are then covered. Further, the chapter discusses the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed.
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