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Book Chapter
Crystal Structure Defects and Imperfections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
..., and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning...
Abstract
Alloying, heat treating, and work hardening are widely used to control material properties, and though they take different approaches, they all focus on imperfections of one type or other. This chapter provides readers with essential background on these material imperfections and their relevance in design and manufacturing. It begins with a review of compositional impurities, the physical arrangement of atoms in solid solution, and the factors that determine maximum solubility. It then describes different types of structural imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning planes, and dislocation passage through precipitates. It also points out important structure-property correlations.
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Deformation in a metal crystal. When a crystal structure is stressed, the a...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.1 Deformation in a metal crystal. When a crystal structure is stressed, the atomic bonds stretch or contract as shown. (a) Portion of unstrained lattice crystal. (b) Lattice deformed elastically. (c) Slip deformation. (d) Example of dislocation with extra row of atoms above the slip
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.2 Body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. A 2 is structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and W is prototype metal with bcc structure. Ferrite in steel is bcc. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.3 Face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. A 1 is structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and Cu is prototype metal with fcc structure. Austenite in steel is fcc. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.8 Orthorhombic crystal structure of cementite. DO 11 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-2 Face-centered cubic crystal structure. A 1 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and copper is the prototype metal with the fcc structure. Austenite on steel is fcc. Source: Ref 16
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-4 Body-centered cubic crystal structure. A 2 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and tungsten is the prototype metal with the bcc structure. Ferrite in steel is bcc. Source: Ref 16
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-7 Orthorhombic crystal structure. DO 11 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and cementite is the prototype compound with the orthorhombic structure. Source: Ref 16
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Surface structure of phosphate crystallites. (a) Needle crystal structure; ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2023
Figure 6.17: Surface structure of phosphate crystallites. (a) Needle crystal structure; (b) block crystal structure. Source: Courtesy of N. Bay [ 70 ].
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Crystal structure of iron. (a) Body-centered cubic (alpha and delta iron). ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2000
Fig. 2.2 Crystal structure of iron. (a) Body-centered cubic (alpha and delta iron). (b) Face-centered cubic (gamma iron)
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Crystal structure of titanium. Titanium is allotropic: hexagonal close-pack...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.4 Crystal structure of titanium. Titanium is allotropic: hexagonal close-packed (alpha) up to 885 °C (1625 °F) and body-centered cubic (beta) from 885 to 1670 °C (1625 to 3038 °F).
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Crystal structure of Ti 3 Al (α2) phase and possible slip planes and slip v...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.27 Crystal structure of Ti 3 Al (α2) phase and possible slip planes and slip vectors in the structure
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(a) Crystal structure and Burgers vectors in the TiAl (γ) phase. (b) Modifi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.28 (a) Crystal structure and Burgers vectors in the TiAl (γ) phase. (b) Modified Thompson tetrahedron for the L1 structure
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A model of the crystal structure of Fe 3 C, which is a complex compound of ...
Available to Purchase
in The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagrams
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 2-3 A model of the crystal structure of Fe 3 C, which is a complex compound of iron and interstitial carbon. (A.G. Guy, Introduction to Materials Science , McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1972), Ref 3 )
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Schematic sketch of microstructural changes in crystal structure due to rep...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 November 2013
Fig. 1 Schematic sketch of microstructural changes in crystal structure due to repetitive shearing forces. Spheres represent atoms, and lines represent attractive and repulsive interatomic forces. An edge dislocation, represented by the inverted T-shaped symbol, is an imperfection
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The crystal structure of diamond. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 8.15 The crystal structure of diamond. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four others.
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Published: 31 December 2020
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Published: 31 December 2020
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Published: 31 December 2020
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Crystal structure and lattice spacing of iron atoms with (a) body-centered ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2020
Fig. 1 Crystal structure and lattice spacing of iron atoms with (a) body-centered cubic and (b) face-centered cubic crystal structures. Source: Ref 1
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