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Twin-plane reentrant edge (TPRE) mechanism of crystal growth: subsequent st...
Available to Purchase
in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.27 Twin-plane reentrant edge (TPRE) mechanism of crystal growth: subsequent stages of formation of silicon crystal in the shape of plate. (a) Crystal of two twins, closure of twins due to ridge formation. (b) Crystal with two twins, reentrant groove on the surface. Source: Ref 35 , 38
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Image
Fiber nucleation of spherulitic crystal growth in a high-temperature, light...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 12.4 Fiber nucleation of spherulitic crystal growth in a high-temperature, lightly cross-linked thermoplastic-matrix composite. Micrographs were taken from ultrathin sections of the unidirectional carbon fiber composite. (a) Sectioned through the thickness and perpendicular to the fiber
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Smooth, planar crystal growth is observed at the solid-liquid interface whe...
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in Introduction to Solidification and Phase Diagrams[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 2.1 Smooth, planar crystal growth is observed at the solid-liquid interface when liquid metals are not undercooled. Growth of long individual grains and protuberances into the liquid are prevented whenever the liquid is above the freezing point. Arrows indicate the direction of heat flow
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Image
Geometry of the silicon crystal during growth. (a) Skeleton crystal. (b) Eq...
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in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.23 Geometry of the silicon crystal during growth. (a) Skeleton crystal. (b) Equilibrium regular octahedron. Source: Ref 36
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Growth mechanism of faceted crystal in a shape of the octahedron; steps and...
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in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.26 Growth mechanism of faceted crystal in a shape of the octahedron; steps and spiral steps of screw dislocation. Source: Ref 4
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(a) Schematic illustration of the growth of a dendritic crystal. (b) Photog...
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in Austenitization of Steels
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 6-1 (a) Schematic illustration of the growth of a dendritic crystal. (b) Photograph of a large, 9 inch long, dendrite which formed in a steel. (Photograph from A. Sauver, The Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel , 4th edition, The University Press, Cambridge, London (1935
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Image
Adhesion growth and lateral growth of crystals. (Stable faces have small mo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5.15 Adhesion growth and lateral growth of crystals. (Stable faces have small mobility, but unstable faces have large mobility). (a) Adhesion growth ( κ ≈ 1). (b) Lateral growth ( κ ≪ 1). (c) The growth of an anisotropic crystal
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Book Chapter
Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... and massive particles of the silicon. At the next stage, these phases constitute the binary (αAl + Si) eutectic. The morphology of the particular crystals is formed during their growth from the liquid determined by solid-liquid (S-L) interface topography and thereby the mechanism of joining of atoms from...
Abstract
This chapter serves as a study and guide on the main phase constituents of cast aluminum-silicon alloys, alpha-Al solid solution and Si crystals. The first section focuses on the structure of Al-Si castings in the as-cast state, covering the morphology of the alpha-Al solid solution grains and the process by which they form. It describes how cooling rates, temperature gradients, and local concentrations influence the topology of the crystallization front, and how they play a role in determining the morphology and dispersion degree of the grains observed in cross sections of cast parts. It also describes the mechanism behind dendritic grain crystallization and how factors such as surface tension, capillary length, and lattice symmetry affect dendritic arm size and spacing. The section that follows examines the morphology of the silicon crystals that form in aluminum-silicon castings and its effect on properties and processing characteristics. It discusses the faceted nature of primary Si crystals and the modification techniques used to optimize their shape. It also describes the morphology of the (alpha-Al + Si) eutectic, which can be lamellar or rodlike in shape, and explains how it can be modified through temperature control or alloy additions to improve properties such as tensile strength and plasticity and reduce shrinkage.
Image
Map of morphology of primary silicon crystals, an effect of the growth rate...
Available to Purchase
in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.24 Map of morphology of primary silicon crystals, an effect of the growth rate anisotropy for particular crystal planes ( V a = V 100 , V b = V 111 , V c = edge). Source: Ref 38 , 39
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Image
Schematic illustration of the growth of dendritic crystals in a liquid. (C....
Available to Purchase
in Austenitization of Steels
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 6-2 Schematic illustration of the growth of dendritic crystals in a liquid. (C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure and Properties of Non-Ferrous Alloys , American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio (1986), Ref 2 )
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Book Chapter
Matrix Microstructural Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... and growth of crystals in many thermoplastic-matrix composites. While the degree of crystallinity can be determined from differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray analysis, or density measurements, these analytical methods provide little, if any, information on the origin and microstructure...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis of the composite matrix is necessary to understand the performance of the part and its long-term durability. This chapter focuses on the microstructural analysis of engineering thermoplastic-matrix composites and the influence of cooling rate and nucleation on the formation of spherulites in high-temperature thermoplastic-matrix carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. It also describes the microstructural analysis of a bio-based thermosetting-matrix natural fiber composite system.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.9781627082969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
Book Chapter
Symbols, Abbreviations, and Intermetallic Phase Designations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... V volume ν R growth rate of solid phase (crystal), Δ x /Δ t V v volume fraction of phase ν T cooling rate, Δ T /Δ t θ wetting angle ξ crystallographic factor Δ C difference in concentration Δ G driving force of transformation, Gibbs free energy Δ G N...
Abstract
This appendix lists the intermetallic phase designations of aluminum-silicon casting alloys and defines symbols and abbreviations associated with the variables, processes, and tools used in microstructural examination.
Book Chapter
Crystal Structure Defects and Imperfections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
... crystal growth or by mechanical deformation. Edge Dislocations An edge dislocation is created when an extra plane of atoms is inserted in the middle of the crystal above a certain plane (dotted line, known as the slip plane, shown in Fig. 3(a) . By convention, a positive (negative) dislocation has...
Abstract
Alloying, heat treating, and work hardening are widely used to control material properties, and though they take different approaches, they all focus on imperfections of one type or other. This chapter provides readers with essential background on these material imperfections and their relevance in design and manufacturing. It begins with a review of compositional impurities, the physical arrangement of atoms in solid solution, and the factors that determine maximum solubility. It then describes different types of structural imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning planes, and dislocation passage through precipitates. It also points out important structure-property correlations.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Solidification and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... the presence of solid nucleating agents can limit undercooling to only a few degrees. Crystal Growth After stable, solid nuclei form, crystal or grain growth occurs as more atoms from the liquid become attached to the solid ( Ref 2.1 ). However, the nature of growth depends on how the heat is removed...
Abstract
This chapter describes the structures, phases, and phase transformations observed in metals and alloys as they solidify and cool to lower temperatures. It begins with a review of the solidification process, covering nucleation, grain growth, and the factors that influence grain morphology. It then discusses the concept of solid solutions, the difference between substitutional and interstitial solid solubility, the effect of alloying elements, and the development of intermetallic phases. The chapter also covers the construction and use of binary and ternary phase diagrams and describes the helpful information they contain.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Interfaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... considering an interface as a multiatomic layer ( Ref 17 ). 5.4.2 Adhesion Growth and Lateral Growth If a crystal is covered with a violently rugged interface, all the atoms hitting the interface will be built in the crystal as shown in Fig. 5.15(a) , and the crystal will grow rapidly even at a low...
Abstract
This chapter considers various behaviors of microstructural interfaces from a thermodynamics viewpoint. It discusses energy of surface and interface, the Gibbs-Thomson Effect, grain-boundary segregation, smooth and rough interfaces, and grain growth.
Image
Published: 01 August 1999
nucleation of regularly spaced cementite crystals. Subsequent growth could occur by either sideways extension or repeated branching of these crystals, as sketched in (gB). (g) Nucleation and growth of a pearlite colony from a single cementite nucleus. A, cementite crystal extends along the nucleating
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Image
Pearlite formation (at 650 and 550 °C) in isothermal transformation of 0.8%...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 1999
. 5000×. (f) Nucleation of pearlite by multiple nucleation of regularly spaced cementite crystals. Subsequent growth could occur by either sideways extension or repeated branching of these crystals, as sketched in (gB). (g) Nucleation and growth of a pearlite colony from a single cementite nucleus
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Metallographic Technique
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... to some extent. These crystals of solid alloy start to grow on the steel plate surface. When different grains meet each other, the crystal growth is interrupted and grain boundaries are formed ( Fig. 3.2 ). In the case in which the growth of each crystal is significant in three dimensions, each individual...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the context in which metallography is used and some of the challenges of analyzing three-dimensional structures from a two-dimensional perspective. It describes the hierarchical nature of metals, the formation of grain boundaries, and the notable characteristics of microstructure. It explains how microstructure can be represented qualitatively by points, lines, surfaces, and volumes associated to a large extent with grain contact, and how qualitative features (including grains) can be quantified based on cross-sectional area, volume fraction, density, distribution, and other such metrics.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.9781627083898
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
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