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creep testing
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Image
in Structural Steels and Steels for Pressure Vessels, Piping, and Boilers
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 14.26 The steel shown in Fig. 14.25 after creep testing at 600 °C (1110 °F) and 118 MPa (17 ksi). Time to rupture was 2179 h. It is possible to follow the microstructure evolution with time, during use under these conditions: recovery, in particular close to the prior austenitic grain
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 3.12 Isochronous stress-strain curves for specimens of a material creep tested at a given temperature
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in Petroleum Reactor Pressure-Vessel Materials for Hydrogen Service
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 7.30. Creep-test results at 550 °C (1020 °F) for smooth and notched specimens of synthetic HAZ material (peak temperature, 1350 °C, or 2460 °F) in 1¼Cr-½lMo and 2¼Cr-1Mo steel (theoretical stress-concentration factor for notched specimen, 1.9) ( Ref 6 ).
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.8 Typical examples of grain-boundary cracking in creep tests (dark areas are voids at grain boundaries). (a) Evidence of grain-boundary activity in an aluminum specimen after 210 h creep under a stress of 19 MPa (1.4 ton/in. 2 ) at 250 °C (480 °F). Original magnification 150×. Source
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 3.42 Schematic hysteresis loops encountered in isothermal creep-fatigue testing. (a) Pure fatigue, no creep. (b) Tensile stress hold, strain limited. (c) Tensile strain hold, stress relaxation. (d) Slow tensile straining rate. (e) Compressive stress hold, strain limited. (f) Compressive
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Published: 01 November 2012
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.21 Early concept of cyclic creep-rupture testing (a) Hysteresis loop. (b) Imposed cyclic stress history and cyclic strain response. Source: Ref 1.62
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods of mechanical testing of plastics for determining mechanical properties, also describing the test methods and providing comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods of mechanical testing of plastics for determining mechanical properties, also describing the test methods and providing comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are briefly described. The discussion covers the most commonly used tests for impact performance, various types of hardness test for plastics, the fatigue strength of viscoelastic materials, and the tension testing of elastomers and fibers.
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Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 2 Stages of creep deformation. (a) Strain curve for the three stages of creep under constant-load testing (curve A) and constant-stress testing (curve B). (b) Relationship of strain rate, or creep rate, and time during a constant-load creep test. The minimum creep rate is attained during
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... information on the stress-rupture test used to measure the time it takes for a metal to fail at a given stress at elevated temperature. The major classes of creep mechanism, namely Nabarro-Herring creep and Coble creep, are then covered. The chapter also provides information on three primary modes of elevated...
Abstract
Creep occurs in any metal or alloy at a temperature where atoms become sufficiently mobile to allow the time-dependent rearrangement of structure. This chapter begins with a section on creep curves, covering the three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then provides information on the stress-rupture test used to measure the time it takes for a metal to fail at a given stress at elevated temperature. The major classes of creep mechanism, namely Nabarro-Herring creep and Coble creep, are then covered. The chapter also provides information on three primary modes of elevated fracture, namely, rupture, transgranular fracture, and intergranular fracture. The next section focuses on some of the metallurgical instabilities caused by overaging, intermetallic phase precipitation, and carbide reactions. Subsequent sections address creep life prediction and creep-fatigue interaction and the approaches to design against creep.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... pathways, and relevant test and measurement procedures. It describes life assessment methods based on hardness, wall thickness, scale formation, microstructure, and creep. It also includes a case study on the determination of the residual life of a secondary superheater tube. boiler tubes remaining...
Abstract
The power generating industry has become proficient at predicting how long a component will last under a given set of operating conditions. This chapter explains how such predictions are made in the case of boiler tubes. It identifies critical damage mechanisms, progressive failure pathways, and relevant test and measurement procedures. It describes life assessment methods based on hardness, wall thickness, scale formation, microstructure, and creep. It also includes a case study on the determination of the residual life of a secondary superheater tube.
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in Life Assessment of Steam-Turbine Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 6.23. Hardness changes in 1Cr-Mo-V rotor forging steel during thermal exposure and creep testing at 450 to 550 °C (840 to 1020 °F) ( Ref 44 ).
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Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. D.6 The needlelike constituent is eta phase (Ni3Ti); the remainder of the structure is gamma prime in a gamma matrix. Negative-replica electron micrograph, original magnification 15,000×. Condition: Miscellaneous condition(s)—creep tested to rupture at 138 MPa (20 ksi) for 7380 h
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in Partitioning of Hysteresis Loops and Life Relations
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 5.14 Creep acceleration in interspersion creep-fatigue tests of normalized and tempered 2¼Cr-1Mo steel at 540 °C (1000 °F). (Data courtesy of Ref 5.21 . Source: Ref 5.22
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in Partitioning of Hysteresis Loops and Life Relations
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 5.29 Typical features of high creep-rate and low creep-rate CP tests with varying exposure times. AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F), Δε in 2%. (a) High creep-rate test. (b) Low creep-rate test. Source: Ref 5.23
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...-growth rate for gas-turbine disk alloys ( Ref 8 ). Fig. 3.32. Plot of data from accelerated creep-rupture tests on retired header specimens, illustrating the isostress method ( Ref 160 ). Fig. 3.33. Remaining life as a function of initial crack size for an internally pressurized...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the creep behavior of metals and how to account for it when determining the remaining service life of components. It begins with a review of creep curves, explaining how they are plotted and what they reveal about the operating history, damage mechanisms, and structural integrity of the test sample. In the sections that follow, it discusses the effects of stress and temperature on creep rate, the difference between diffusional and dislocation creep, and the use of time-temperature-stress parameters for data extrapolation. It explains how to deal with time dependent deformation in design, how to estimate cumulative damage under changing conditions, and how to assess the effect of multiaxial stress based on uniaxial test data. It also includes information on rupture ductility, creep fracture, and creep-crack growth and their effect on component life and performance.
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in Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 2.81 Creep recovery. (a) Test data for Ni-Cr-Mo steel at 450 °C (840 °F). Source: Ref 2.42 . (b) Schematic representation of the phenomenon. Loading produces an immediate elastic strain followed by viscous flow. Unloading produces an immediate elastic recovery followed by additional
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 12.55 Comparison of creep properties of MAR-M-200 nickel-base superalloy tested in three cast conditions at 982 °C (1800 °F)/207 MPa (30 ksi)
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