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creep deformation
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 2 Stages of creep deformation. (a) Strain curve for the three stages of creep under constant-load testing (curve A) and constant-stress testing (curve B). (b) Relationship of strain rate, or creep rate, and time during a constant-load creep test. The minimum creep rate is attained during
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Image
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.10 Creep deformation maps for MAR-M200. (a) Grain size = 100 μm. (b) Grain size = 1 cm. Source: Ref 1.7
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Published: 01 August 2005
Image
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 3.22. Schematic representation of the levels of creep deformation under which creep-crack growth can occur ( Ref 120 ).
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in Life Assessment of Steam-Turbine Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 6.19. Progress of creep deformation at the bore, calculated from measurements at the rim, for Parsons 500-MW HP and IP rotors in CEGB units ( Ref 44 ).
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.3 Time-dependent deformation and recovery of primary creep. (a) Schematics of various time-dependent deformation. (b) Curve of primary creep recovery for polycrystalline aluminum in torsional creep at 175 °C (347 °F). Source: Ref 1.2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... Arrangement of atoms in a small-angle tilt boundary to demonstrate that grain boundaries contain many edge dislocations. Source: Ref 1.2 Fig. 1.9 Simplified deformation mechanism map. Source: Adapted from Ref 1.20 Fig. 1.10 Creep deformation maps for MAR-M200. (a) Grain size = 100 μm...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the mechanisms involved in creep and how they are related to fatigue behavior. It explains that what we observe as creep deformation is the gradual displacement of atoms in the direction of an applied stress aided by diffusion, dislocation movement, and grain boundary sliding. It describes these mechanisms in qualitative terms, explaining how they are driven by thermal energy and how they can be analyzed using creep curves and deformation maps. In addition, it examines the types of damage associated with creep, presents a number of creep strain and strain rate equations, explains how to determine creep constants, and reviews the findings of several studies on cyclic loading. It also discusses the development of a novel test that measures the cyclic creep-rupture resistance of materials in tension and compression.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Abstract This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness. The strengthening mechanisms covered are solid-solution strengthening, cold working, and dispersion strengthening. The effect of grain size on the yield strength of a material is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
.... Elastic-plastic or fully plastic analysis such as the J -integral approach is used when large-scale yielding occurs. For crack growth at high temperature, under constant load, the material near the crack tip may undergo viscoelastic deformation, or creep. The crack-tip stress field, which takes the basic...
Abstract
Large-scale yielding at the crack tip and time-dependent crack growth mechanisms, such as stress relaxation due to creep, are nonlinear behaviors requiring nonlinear analysis methods. This chapter presents two such methods, one based on elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the other on time-dependent fracture mechanics. It also introduces two new fracture indices, the J-integral for handling large-scale yielding and the C*-integral for creep crack growth, providing close-form and handbook solutions for each.
Image
Published: 01 October 2011
because of internal stresses left by molding and viscous (creep) deformation at service temperatures. ECM, electrochemical machining; EDM, electrical discharge machining. Source: Ref 6.2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... the limiting design factor. However, at high temperatures, permanent deformation can occur over a period of time at stresses well below the yield strength. This time-dependent deformation is known as creep and occurs at temperatures greater than approximately 0.3 to 0.5 of the absolute melting point. In creep...
Abstract
Creep occurs in any metal or alloy at a temperature where atoms become sufficiently mobile to allow the time-dependent rearrangement of structure. This chapter begins with a section on creep curves, covering the three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then provides information on the stress-rupture test used to measure the time it takes for a metal to fail at a given stress at elevated temperature. The major classes of creep mechanism, namely Nabarro-Herring creep and Coble creep, are then covered. The chapter also provides information on three primary modes of elevated fracture, namely, rupture, transgranular fracture, and intergranular fracture. The next section focuses on some of the metallurgical instabilities caused by overaging, intermetallic phase precipitation, and carbide reactions. Subsequent sections address creep life prediction and creep-fatigue interaction and the approaches to design against creep.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.14 Fe-12Cr-3Al-3Ti showing preferential corrosion penetration for the specimen under creep deformation at 600 °C (1110 °F) in H 2 -34.3H 2 O-18.5CO 2 -3.8CH 4 -7.9CO-1.3H 2 S for 615 h (upper figure) and uniform corrosion attack for the specimen under no external stress (or strain
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... in plastics Creep curves generally exhibit three distinct phases. First-stage creep deformation is characterized by a rapid deformation rate that decreases slowly to a constant value. The four-parameter model was proposed to describe long-term creep. In this model, the first-stage creep deformation...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods of mechanical testing of plastics for determining mechanical properties, also describing the test methods and providing comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are briefly described. The discussion covers the most commonly used tests for impact performance, various types of hardness test for plastics, the fatigue strength of viscoelastic materials, and the tension testing of elastomers and fibers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... not as serious (or as sudden) as fracture, because wear is usually anticipated. Failures can also be induced by service temperatures. Examples include creep deformation and rupture at elevated temperature, or the brittle fracture of body-centered cubic (bcc) metals at low temperatures. Cyclic stress (fatigue...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... of the levels of creep deformation under which creep-crack growth can occur ( Ref 120 ). Fig. 3.23. (a) Load-line deflection as a function of time for bodies of crack lengths a and (a + Δa) at various load levels, and (b) definition of the C t parameter ( Ref 120 ). Fig. 3.3. Variation...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the creep behavior of metals and how to account for it when determining the remaining service life of components. It begins with a review of creep curves, explaining how they are plotted and what they reveal about the operating history, damage mechanisms, and structural integrity of the test sample. In the sections that follow, it discusses the effects of stress and temperature on creep rate, the difference between diffusional and dislocation creep, and the use of time-temperature-stress parameters for data extrapolation. It explains how to deal with time dependent deformation in design, how to estimate cumulative damage under changing conditions, and how to assess the effect of multiaxial stress based on uniaxial test data. It also includes information on rupture ductility, creep fracture, and creep-crack growth and their effect on component life and performance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... penetration. On the other hand, the nondeformed specimen (i.e., the specimen that was not under creep deformation during the exposure) showed no changes in the depth of the internal oxidation penetration during the exposure for times up to 1000 h. The internal oxidation penetration in the deforming Fe-18Cr...
Abstract
This chapter discusses two damage mechanisms in which stress plays a major role. In the one case, stress causes cracks in the oxide scale on metals, leading to preferential corrosion attack. An example from industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form of intergranular cracking. The phenomenon, which is known by various names, typically occurs at the lower end of the intermediate temperature range and has been observed in ferritic steels, stainless steels, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, and nickel-base alloys, as described in the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
.... Castings can be efficiently designed for the proper section stiffness and resistance to buckling. At high temperatures, time-dependent deformation can occur at stresses below the short-time tensile yield strength. This creep deformation may cause failure by excessive deformation. Stress rupture or time...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of factors that must be considered in the design of structural components for satisfactory service performance in terms of mechanical behavior of steel castings. The chapter discusses designing against yielding, excessive deflection, and creep and stress rupture. The chapter describes the three main approaches to evaluating and designing structures relative to fatigue resistance: the S-N curve approach for high cycle fatigue, the strain range approach for low cycle fatigue, and the fracture mechanics approach. Two approaches to design against brittle fracture are described, the ductile to brittle transition concept and the fracture mechanics approach. The chapter also discusses several types of corrosion behavior and emphasizes the need to interact with corrosion specialists in the design process. It illustrates the unique advantages that designers may gain by designing components as castings to achieve low stress concentrations economically.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... 3.1 Fig. 3.3 Simple cyclic deformation models for strain-range partitioning Fig. 3.2 Schematic illustration of creep-fatigue interaction when tensile creep occurring along grain boundaries is reversed by compressive plasticity occurring along crystallographic slip planes...
Abstract
Strain-range partitioning is a method for assessing the effects of creep fatigue based on inelastic strain paths or strain reversals. The first part of the chapter defines four distinct strain paths that can be used to model any cyclic loading pattern and describes the microstructural damages associated with each of the four basic loading cycles. The discussion then turns to fatigue life prediction for different types of materials and more realistic loading conditions, particularly those in which hysteresis loops have more than one strain-range component. To that end, the chapter considers two cases. In one, the relationship between strain range and cyclic life is established from test data. In the other, a rule is required to determine the damage of each concurrent strain and the total damage of the cycle is used to predict creep-fatigue life. The chapter presents several such damage rules and discusses their applicability in different situations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... Abstract This chapter examines the phenomena of deformation and fracture in metals, providing readers with an understanding of why it occurs and how it can be prevented. It begins with a detailed review of tension and compression stress-strain curves, explaining how they are produced and what...
Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomena of deformation and fracture in metals, providing readers with an understanding of why it occurs and how it can be prevented. It begins with a detailed review of tension and compression stress-strain curves, explaining how they are produced and what they reveal about the load-carrying characteristics of engineering materials. It then discusses the use of failure criteria and the determination of yielding and fracture limits. It goes on to describe the mechanisms and appearances of brittle and ductile fractures and stress rupture, providing detailed images, diagrams, and explanations. It discusses the various factors that influence strength and ductility, including grain size, loading rate, and temperature. It also provides information on the origin of residual stresses, the concept of toughness, and the damage mechanisms associated with creep and stress rupture, stress corrosion, and hydrogen embrittlement.
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