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creep
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Creep occurs in any metal or alloy at a temperature where atoms become sufficiently mobile to allow the time-dependent rearrangement of structure. This chapter begins with a section on creep curves, covering the three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then provides...
Abstract
Creep occurs in any metal or alloy at a temperature where atoms become sufficiently mobile to allow the time-dependent rearrangement of structure. This chapter begins with a section on creep curves, covering the three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then provides information on the stress-rupture test used to measure the time it takes for a metal to fail at a given stress at elevated temperature. The major classes of creep mechanism, namely Nabarro-Herring creep and Coble creep, are then covered. The chapter also provides information on three primary modes of elevated fracture, namely, rupture, transgranular fracture, and intergranular fracture. The next section focuses on some of the metallurgical instabilities caused by overaging, intermetallic phase precipitation, and carbide reactions. Subsequent sections address creep life prediction and creep-fatigue interaction and the approaches to design against creep.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
...Creep strain versus time representations listed by Kennedy Table 1.1 Creep strain versus time representations listed by Kennedy Simple functions ε = at /(1 + bt ) Freudenthal Ref 1.26 Logarithmic functions ε = a + b log t Phillips Ref 1.27 Boas and Schmid...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the mechanisms involved in creep and how they are related to fatigue behavior. It explains that what we observe as creep deformation is the gradual displacement of atoms in the direction of an applied stress aided by diffusion, dislocation movement, and grain boundary sliding. It describes these mechanisms in qualitative terms, explaining how they are driven by thermal energy and how they can be analyzed using creep curves and deformation maps. In addition, it examines the types of damage associated with creep, presents a number of creep strain and strain rate equations, explains how to determine creep constants, and reviews the findings of several studies on cyclic loading. It also discusses the development of a novel test that measures the cyclic creep-rupture resistance of materials in tension and compression.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... and Ensign (1971) (Minimum-commitment method) Ref 2.13 National Research Institute For Materials creep data sheets Table 2.4 National Research Institute For Materials creep data sheets Creep data sheet number Material Material specification Year of issue or revision 0 Program...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on creep-rupture failure, or more precisely, the time required for such a failure to occur at a given stress and temperature. It begins with a review of creep-rupture phenomena and the various ways creep-rupture data are presented and analyzed. It then examines a large collection of creep-rupture data corresponding to different alloy designations and heat treatments, identifying key relationships, similarities, and differences. It also presents a test method developed by the authors in which twelve materials are tested over a range of temperature, stress, and time in order to determine multiheat constants that are then used to fit multiheat data from other materials and thus estimate rupture times.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article describes the general aspects of and practical problems of failure analysis of creep, stress relaxation, and yielding for homogeneous polymers. The effect of temperature and strain rate on the relationship between yield point and elastic modulus and the aging effect...
Abstract
This article describes the general aspects of and practical problems of failure analysis of creep, stress relaxation, and yielding for homogeneous polymers. The effect of temperature and strain rate on the relationship between yield point and elastic modulus and the aging effect that polymers often undergo at room temperature are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... Abstract This data set contains the results of uniaxial creep rupture tests for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys conducted at temperatures from 100 to 315 deg C. In most cases, tests were made of several lots of material of each alloy and temper, the results were analyzed...
Abstract
This data set contains the results of uniaxial creep rupture tests for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys conducted at temperatures from 100 to 315 deg C. In most cases, tests were made of several lots of material of each alloy and temper, the results were analyzed, and the averages were normalized to the room-temperature typical values. For some alloys, "representative" values (raw data) rather than typical values are provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...Examples of reported values of stress exponent and activation energy for creep of steels Table 3.1. Examples of reported values of stress exponent and activation energy for creep of steels Reference System Temperature, °C n Coefficients in the low-stress region Coefficients...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the creep behavior of metals and how to account for it when determining the remaining service life of components. It begins with a review of creep curves, explaining how they are plotted and what they reveal about the operating history, damage mechanisms, and structural integrity of the test sample. In the sections that follow, it discusses the effects of stress and temperature on creep rate, the difference between diffusional and dislocation creep, and the use of time-temperature-stress parameters for data extrapolation. It explains how to deal with time dependent deformation in design, how to estimate cumulative damage under changing conditions, and how to assess the effect of multiaxial stress based on uniaxial test data. It also includes information on rupture ductility, creep fracture, and creep-crack growth and their effect on component life and performance.
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Published: 30 November 2013
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.22 Creep-rate response in tension and compression of a cyclic creep-rupture test of 316 stainless steel (heat 1) at 705 °C (1300 °F). Source: Ref 1.62
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 1.23 Comparison of tensile/compressive creep rates of a cyclic creep-rupture test of 316 stainless steel (heat 2) at 705 °C (1300 °F). Source: Ref 1.62
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in Strain-Range Partitioning—Concepts and Analytical Methods
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 3.2 Schematic illustration of creep-fatigue interaction when tensile creep occurring along grain boundaries is reversed by compressive plasticity occurring along crystallographic slip planes
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in Partitioning of Hysteresis Loops and Life Relations
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 5.13 Variation in creep-rupture ductility with creep-rupture failure time. (a) Normalized and tempered 2¼Cr-1Mo steel at 540 °C (1000 °F). (b) Quenched and tempered 2¼Cr-1Mo tested at 485 °C (900 °F). (c) Solution-annealed AISI type 304 stainless steel tested at 650 °C (1200 °F). Source
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in Partitioning of Hysteresis Loops and Life Relations
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 5.14 Creep acceleration in interspersion creep-fatigue tests of normalized and tempered 2¼Cr-1Mo steel at 540 °C (1000 °F). (Data courtesy of Ref 5.21 . Source: Ref 5.22
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in Partitioning of Hysteresis Loops and Life Relations
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 5.29 Typical features of high creep-rate and low creep-rate CP tests with varying exposure times. AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F), Δε in 2%. (a) High creep-rate test. (b) Low creep-rate test. Source: Ref 5.23
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in Overview of the Mechanisms of Failure in Heat Treated Steel Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
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in Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 2.79 Tyical creep curve showing the three stages of creep. Curve A , constant-load test; curve B , constant-stress test. Source: Ref 2.2
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Published: 30 November 2013
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in Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics: An Introduction[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 7 Typical creep and creep rupture curves for polymers. (a) Ductile polymers. (b) Brittle polymers
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Published: 01 December 2001
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Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 2 Stages of creep deformation. (a) Strain curve for the three stages of creep under constant-load testing (curve A) and constant-stress testing (curve B). (b) Relationship of strain rate, or creep rate, and time during a constant-load creep test. The minimum creep rate is attained during
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in Life Assessment of Steam-Turbine Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 6.20. Evolution of creep-cavitation with creep-life fraction expended for Cr-Mo-V rotor steels ( Ref 46 ).
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