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crack tip opening displacement
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 13 Macrograph of the fracture surface of a crack tip opening displacement test specimen removed from the 1.07 m (42 in.) X-65 steel pipe. The regions of the surface shown correspond with the notch, precrack, stable crack growth, fast fracture, and overload zones.
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 21 Crack tip opening displacement versus the percent of grain-coarsened regions for several structural steels. Source: Ref 25
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... with the steps involved in determining strain energy release rates, stress intensity factors, J-integrals, R-curves, and crack tip opening displacement parameters. It also covers fracture toughness testing methods and the effect of measurement variables. crack tip opening displacement elastic-plastic...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is the science of predicting the load-carrying capabilities of cracked structures based on a mathematical description of the stress field surrounding the crack. The fundamental ideas stem from the work of Griffith, who demonstrated that the strain energy released upon crack extension is the driving force for fracture in a cracked material under load. This chapter provides a summary of Griffith’s work and the subsequent development of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. It includes detailed illustrations and examples, familiarizing readers with the steps involved in determining strain energy release rates, stress intensity factors, J-integrals, R-curves, and crack tip opening displacement parameters. It also covers fracture toughness testing methods and the effect of measurement variables.
Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 9 Sample specimen showing the definition of crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). CTOD is the diameter of the circular arc at the blunted crack tip and should not be confused with the plastic zone. Source: Ref 4
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... flaw, the crack is a flat surface in a linear elastic stress field, and the energy released during rapid crack propagation is a basic material property that is not influenced by part size. As shown in Fig. 13.13 , there are three modes of crack tip opening displacement. Mode I, tensile opening...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... ). Figure 5.9 shows the XSP obtained by displacing the topographs along a center plane normal to the fracture surface. The crack tip opening displacement, δ, is measured at the tip of the fatigue precrack, i.e., at the onset of crack extension. Fig. 5.9 XSP of crack tip showing successive stages...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the more advanced methods and procedures used in failure analysis, including in-service material sampling, in situ microstructure analysis, and a form of punch testing that can determine the fracture toughness of any material from a tiny specimen. The chapter also covers quantitative fractography, fracture surface topography analysis, and the use of oxide dating as well as fault tree and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and computational techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
...), the opening displacement of the notch surfaces at the notch and in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the notch and the crack. The displacement at the tip is called the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD); at the mouth, it is called the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). crack size. A lineal...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... displacement (COD). On a KIc specimen, the opening displacement of the notch surfaces at the notch and in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the notch and the crack. The displacement at the tip is called the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD); at the mouth, it is called the crack mouth opening...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.9781627082563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... a strong dependence on the rate at which stress is applied. The crack opening displacements in polymeric materials can be quite large and, hence, the microstrain at a crack tip will be similarly large. In polymeric materials displaying minimal levels of plasticity and/or inelasticity, such as untoughened...
Abstract
This article briefly describes the historical development of fracture resistance testing of polymers and reviews several test methods developed for determining the fracture toughness of polymeric materials. The discussion covers J-integral testing, the methods for determining linear elastic fracture toughness, testing of thin sheets and films, normalization methods, and hysteresis methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... ), are used to measure a material’s fracture toughness ( K Ic ), which is a material property. In the case of welding, fracture toughness is usually expressed using a value for crack tip opening displacement ( Ref 21 ). Fracture toughness testing has only recently begun gaining acceptance as applicable...
Abstract
This article reviews nondestructive and destructive test methods used to characterize welds. The first process of characterization discussed involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. An overview of nondestructive evaluation is included that encompasses techniques used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. The next group of characterization procedures discussed is destructive tests, requiring the removal of specimens from the weld. The third component of weld characterization is the measurement of mechanical and corrosion properties. Following the discussion on the characterization procedures, the second part of this article provides examples of how two particular welds were characterized according to these procedures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... (1977) . 8.3.1 The Crack Opening Displacement The crack opening displacement (COD) concept is a crack tip strain criterion for fracture, stemming primarily from the work of Wells (1964) . For a crack in an elastic body, the crack opening displacement, v , at a distance r from the crack tip...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the concepts of fracture mechanics and their application to materials evaluation and the design of cryogenic structures. Emphasis is placed on an explanation of technology, a review of fracture mechanics testing methods, and a discussion on the many factors contributing to the fracture behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Three approaches of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics are covered, namely the crack opening displacement, the J-integral, and the R-curve methods. The chapter also discusses the influence of thermal and metallurgical effects on toughness at low temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... on statically loaded precracked samples usually are conducted with either a constant applied load or with a fixed crack opening displacement, and the actual rate or velocity of crack propagation, da/dt , is measured ( Ref 9 ). The magnitude of the stress distribution at the crack tip (the mechanical driving...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals and their alloys. It is intended to familiarize the reader with the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of stress corrosion. The phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion, while the discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. Several parameters that are known to influence the rate of crack growth in aqueous solutions are presented, along with important fracture features.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... evaluated the corrosion and stress aspects of a pit to develop a model for crack initiation. They assumed that the corrosion conditions in the base of the pit were essentially the same as those on a flat surface and that initiation required that a critical crack-tip opening displacement be exceeded. Using...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions and sequence of events that lead to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms by which it progresses. It explains that the stresses involved in SCC are relatively small and, in most cases, work in combination with the development of a surface film. It describes bulk and surface reactions that contribute to SCC, including dissolution, mass transport, absorption, diffusion, and embrittlement, and their role in crack nucleation and growth. It also discusses crack tip chemistry, grain-boundary interactions, and the effect of stress-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... to evaluate the intensity of the stress and strain field near the tip of the defect. The parameters that are most used are the crack tip stress intensity factor K , for linear elastic loading (LEFM), and the J -integral, or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) for elastic-plastic loading (EPFM...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.9781627082709
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... growth are also discussed. Linear-elastic fracture mechanics is the base for all the methods presented in these two chapters. Chapter 6 discusses methods based on nonlinear fracture mechanics, which are suitable for fatigue crack growth and/or fracture due to excessive yielding at the crack tip. 5.1...
Abstract
This chapter presents a fracture-mechanics-based approach to damage tolerance, accounting for mechanical, metallurgical, and environmental factors that drive crack development and growth. It begins with a review of stress-intensity factors corresponding to a wide range of crack geometries, specimen configurations, and loading conditions. The discussion covers two- and three-dimensional cracks as well as the use of correction factors and problem-simplification techniques for dealing with nonstandard configurations. The chapter goes on to describe how fatigue loading affects crack growth rates in each of the three stages of progression. Using images, diagrams, and data plots, it reveals how cracks advance in step with successive stress cycles and explains how fatigue crack growth rates can be determined by examining striations on fracture specimens and correlating their widths with stress profiles. It also describes how material-related factors, load history, corrosion, and temperature affect crack growth rates, and discusses the steps involved in life assessment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... conservative assessments of component integrity. The J-integral technique and the crack-opening-displacement (COD) technique have been developed as viable crack-initiation parameters, as part of the elastic-plastic fracture-mechanics (EPFM) procedure. To characterize crack growth and final instability...
Abstract
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the form of plastic deformation without fracturing. It is thus a measure of both strength and ductility. This chapter describes the fracture and toughness characteristics of metals and their effect on component lifetime and failure. It begins with a review of the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of steel and the different ways to measure transition temperature. It then explains how to predict fracture loads using linear-elastic fracture mechanics and how toughness is affected by temperature and strain rate as well as grain size, inclusion content, and impurities. It also presents the theory and use of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and discusses the causes, effects, and control of temper embrittlement in various types of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... , specimen width Today, laboratory testing for fracture toughness relies more on servohydraulic equipment, which consists of mechanical test apparatus with sophisticated computer data acquisition and controls. Compliance-based fracture testing uses a crack-mouth opening displacement (CMOD) gage...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... tests, because after the onset of SCC in small test specimens the gross section exposure stress decreases. This results from the opening of the crack (or cracks) under the high stress concentration at the crack tip (or tips) and causes some of the applied elastic strain to change to plastic strain...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenge of selecting an appropriate stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) test to evaluate the serviceability of a material for a given application. It begins by establishing a generic model in which SCC is depicted in two stages, initiation and propagation, that further subdivide into several zones plus a transition region. It then discusses SCC test standards before describing basic test objectives and selection criteria. The chapter explains how to achieve the required loading conditions for different tests and how to prepare test specimens to determine elastic strain, plastic strain, and residual stress responses. It also describes the difference between smooth and precracked specimens and how they are used, provides information on slow-strain-rate testing and how to assess the results, and discusses various test environments and procedures, including tests for weldments. The chapter concludes with a section on how to interpret time to failure, threshold stress, percent survival, stress intensity, and propagation rate data, and assess the precision of the associated tests.
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