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crack propagation resistance
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... arise from contact between asperities or from fiber bridging in reinforced or blended polymers. Fiber bridging has been shown to be a viable shielding mechanism in short fiber composites ( Ref 19 ). In summary, extrinsic shielding mechanisms can be used to improve resistance to fatigue crack propagation...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.t56030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-418-5
.... , and Lewandowski J.J. , Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of As-Cast High-Entropy Alloys , Jom-Us , Vol 67 , 2015 , p 2288 – 2295 10.1007/s11837-015-1563-9 66. Iacoviello F. and Di Cocco V. , Sintered Stainless Steels: Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance under...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the progress that has been made in the study of high-entropy alloy (HEA) systems and the process-structure-property relationships that define them. It describes the various ways HEAs can be strengthened and explains how alloying elements influence tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, and fracture strength. It discusses the stages of plastic deformation in HEAs and the role of dislocations and twinning in the evolution of microstructure. It reviews some of the work that has been done on fatigue behaviors and the methods developed to assess fatigue performance. It discusses the influence of defects on fatigue life, the effect of temperature and grain size on fatigue-crack propagation, and the role of nanotwinning in crack-growth retardation. It describes the methods used to produce HEAs in bulk and powder form and to apply them as protective coatings and films. It also identifies potential applications based on properties such as strength, hardness, density, wear resistance, high-temperature stability, and biocompatibility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... the rate of FCP at a particular value of Δ K . The higher the da / dN , the lower the FCP resistance. Alternatively, the higher the Δ K for a particular da / dN , the more resistant the material is supposed to be. Fig. 9 Fatigue crack propagation behavior of various polymers. PSU, polysulfone...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... (a) intergranular crack propagation in the furnace-cooled alloy and (b) transgranular propagation in the water-quenched material. Source: Ref 9.26 The effect of heat treatment on SCC may also depend on the SCC environment. Artificial aging of cold rolled AZ61 sheet improved SCC resistance when tested...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in magnesium alloys was first reported in the 1930s and, within ten years, became the focus of intense study. This chapter provides a summary of all known work published since then on the nature of SCC in magnesium alloys and how it is related to composition, microstructure, and heat treatment. It describes the types of environments where magnesium alloys are most susceptible to SCC and the effect of contributing factors such as temperature, strain rate, and applied and residual stresses. The chapter also discusses crack morphology and what it reveals, provides information on proposed cracking mechanisms, and presents a practical approach for preventing SCC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... of crack propagation in the fracture plane). Source: Ref 8 Alloy Selection for SCC Resistance In general, high-purity aluminum and low-strength aluminum alloys are not susceptible to SCC. Occurrence of SCC is chiefly confined to higher-strength alloy classes, such as 2 xxx and 7 xxx alloys...
Abstract
Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors that influence its formation. It covers alloy selection and mitigation techniques and includes examples of SCC in aircraft components. The chapter also addresses corrosion fatigue, explaining how different environments and operating conditions affect crack propagation, fatigue strength, and fatigue life. It includes information on liquid-metal embrittlement as well.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... propagation. Resistance to SSC is usually improved through the use of PWHT and through the use of lower-carbon-equivalent plate steels and quenched-and-tempered wrought steels. Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Once atomic hydrogen has diffused into the material, it can also recombine to form molecular...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... concluded that the nickel-base superalloy blade was exposed to high temperatures and stresses, initiating a crack that propagated under cyclic loading. This chapter provides a summary of the investigation and the insights acquired using scanning electron fractography, metallography, and hardness...
Abstract
A low-pressure turbine rotor blade failed in service, causing extensive engine damage. A section of the blade broke off around 25 mm from the root platform, producing a flat fracture surface that appeared smooth on one end and grainy elsewhere. Based on their examination, investigators concluded that the nickel-base superalloy blade was exposed to high temperatures and stresses, initiating a crack that propagated under cyclic loading. This chapter provides a summary of the investigation and the insights acquired using scanning electron fractography, metallography, and hardness measurements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... in failure analysis in addition to the commonly accepted fracture surface studies. As was briefly shown in preceding paragraphs, vital information about the resistance of the material to crack propagation and its loading history can easily be decoded from a thinned section normal to the crack-propagation...
Abstract
This article introduces the subject of fractography and how it is used in failure analysis. The discussion covers the structure of and fracture and crack-propagation behavior of polymeric materials, the distinction between the ductile and brittle fracture modes on the basis of macroscopic appearance, and the examination and interpretation of the features of fracture surfaces. In addition, the article considers several cases of field failure in various polymers to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... and veinlike modes. The crack-nucleation sites, from which cracks propagated into the specimen, had granular patterns, as did those in cathodically polarized specimens. Failure at corrosion and anodic potentials was also regarded as hydrogen embrittlement. Fig. 13.2 Variation of stress-corrosion...
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, because of their lack of crystallographic slip planes, are assumed to be insensitive to the selective corrosion attack that causes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in crystalline alloys. However, under certain conditions, melt-spun amorphous alloys have proven vulnerable to SCC due to hydrogen embrittlement. This chapter presents findings from several studies on this phenomenon, describing test conditions as well as cracking and fracture behaviors. It also discusses the effect of deformation on corrosion behavior, particularly for alloys without strongly passivating elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... or at preexisting defects in the component. In these cases, the time required for the intiation and propagation of these cracks represents the useful life of the component. This involves assessment of fracture resistance rather than a strength assessment based on bulk creep rates and time to stress rupture...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... stresses ( Ref 3 ). It has been proposed that the fibrils in a very short craze, which forms at the crack tip, are exposed to the chemically aggressive environment. The hydrolytic cleavage of the exposed macromolecules causes failure of the fibrils, followed by crack propagation. The failure mechanism...
Abstract
The susceptibility of plastics to environmental failure, when exposed to organic chemicals, limits their use in many applications. Environmental factors can be classified into two categories: chemical and physical effects. This article discusses the effects of these environmental factors on the mechanical properties of plastics.
Image
Published: 01 December 2003
) A, interlaminar crack propagation; B, fiber cracking; C, fiber-matrix debonding; and D, fiber fracturing. (a3) A, fiber fracturing. (b) Ideal composite for high abrasive wear resistance. L , normal load; V , velocity; PEEK, polyetheretherketone. Source: Ref 32
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. As shown in the Fig. 13.1 comparison, ductile fractures are characterized by extensive plastic deformation prior to and during crack propagation. Brittle...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
.... The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts. crack propagation failure analysis fracture mechanics linear-elastic fracture mechanics plane strain plane stress...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
...× objective. (b) Area ahead of the crack tip. Transmitted polarized light, full wave plate, 40× objective Toughened Thermoset-Matrix Composite Failure Mechanisms The damage resistance of composite materials is affected by the ability of the matrix to absorb impact energy and resist crack propagation...
Abstract
As fiber-reinforced polymeric composites continue to be used in more damage-prone environments, it is necessary to understand the response of these materials when subjected to impact from foreign objects. This chapter provides an overview of the analysis methods for impact-damaged composites. It discusses the causes and effects of various failure mechanisms in composite materials. The failure mechanisms covered are brittle-matrix composite failure, tough-matrix composite failure, thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms, and dispersed-phase, rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... of the welding process. When the chromium content in the austenite grain boundaries is reduced from the bulk concentration of 18 wt% to 12 wt% or less, passivation or resistance to corrosion is lost. This leads to initiation sites for intergranular SCC, and crack propagation follows the grain boundary...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques, environmental factors, and cracking characteristics. It includes a model that accounts for the primary factors involved in intergranular SCC, namely, tensile stresses above the yield stress of the base material, a sensitized microstructure, and reactor cooling water. The chapter also provides proven remedies and mitigation techniques corresponding to a wide range of issues related to stress, sensitization, and operating conditions.
Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 11 Comparison of fatigue crack propagation behavior in the Paris regime for several amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. Note enhanced fatigue resistance of the semicrystalline polymers. PC, polycarbonate; PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate; PPO, polypropylene oxide; PVF, polyvinyl formal
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
...). Rupture also may be due to stresses and the presence of environmental conditions incapable of immediate film repair. The rupture propagates into the underlying metal and is sustained by the concentration of stress at the leading edge of the crack and by corrosion mechanisms associated with a crevice...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed study of the localized corrosion behavior of steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. It applies the basic principles of electrochemistry, as well as materials science and solid and fluid mechanics, to explain the causes and effects of pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the underlying mechanisms associated with each process and how they relate to the microstructure of the metal or alloy, the physical condition of the surface, and other factors such as the coupling of the metal to a dissimilar metal or surface film.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... be very effective, provided that the base metal is completely and uniformly coated without pinholes, cracks, scratches, abrasions, and the like. For example, plating steel with lead or tin is very effective in corrosion resistance, unless the coating has some locations that are open to the base metal...
Abstract
This chapter discusses common forms of corrosion, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, dealloying corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and exfoliation. It describes the factors that contribute to stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, and corrosion fatigue and compares and contrasts their effects on mechanical properties, performance, and operating life. It also includes information on high-temperature oxidation and corrosion prevention techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... transformation at the crack tip during fracture, thus increasing the fracture resistance. The strengthening lost by the elimination carbides is replaced by precipitation of fine (Fe,Ni) 3 Ti phases from martensite obtained by aging. However, under certain conditions, precipitation of phases at grain boundaries...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
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