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corrosion monitoring
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
...Abstract Abstract Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing...
Abstract
Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing the purposes of corrosion tests, the logical steps in a test program, and the preparation and cleaning of test specimens. The focus then moves on to discuss the types and applications of these test categories and the associated evaluation procedures. Excluding electrochemical tests which are addressed separately in this chapter, the other laboratory tests covered under this category are simulated atmosphere tests, salt-spray tests, and immersion tests. Only corrosion testing in the atmosphere is discussed in the section on field tests. Corrosion monitoring techniques are finally considered, covering the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
...Abstract Abstract This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... O 3 1–2 1–2 15 Al 2 O 3 … … 3 BaO 2–6 3–5 12 P 2 O 5 1–4 2–4 … F 2 … … … TiO 2 15–20 15–20 … Sb 2 O 5 … 2–5 … Instrumentation for corrosion monitoring Table 9 Instrumentation for corrosion monitoring Method Measures or detects Notes Use...
Abstract
This chapter discusses corrosion prevention methods used with aluminum and its alloys. The methods range from relatively straightforward measures, such as proper handling and storage, to advanced early warning corrosion monitoring systems for military aircraft. The chapter summarizes the basic factors that influence design for corrosion resistance and discusses the use of conversion coatings, organic coatings, porcelain enameling, and electroplating. It also discusses corrosion monitoring methods used in chemical processing and refining industries.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes various units and process streams that are often susceptible corrosion inhibitors in crude oil refineries, discusses the types and applications of corrosion inhibitors, and provides some information on corrosion monitoring techniques used at refineries...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical...
Abstract
This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs. corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems, and pipelines. The following sections provide information on the factors influencing corrosivity of produced fluids and the methods of inhibitor application. The chapter discusses the primary causes of corrosion problems and inhibition in waterfloods and provides an overview of bacteria-induced corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... on inspection and monitoring during equipment fabrication/erection to ensure compliance with specifications is repaid by trouble-free startup and operation of the fabricated assembly. In some cases, every component of an assembly must be tested to avoid excessive corrosion and/or premature failure. For example...
Abstract
The challenge of materials selection is to achieve adequate performance at the lowest possible cost. Corrosion resistance is not the only property to be considered in making materials selections. Typical requirements and some of the procedures involved in making a selection and some of the factors that must be considered when determining the corrosion performance of a given material are listed in this chapter. The various steps that might be included in a materials selection process are then examined. These include a review of operating conditions and design, the selection of candidate materials, the in-depth evaluation of each candidate material, fabrication requirements, follow-up monitoring, and final materials selection. Material considerations such as cost, materials properties, and processing and fabrication requirements are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter provides information on materials selection under general corrosion conditions and under conditions of localized corrosion forms such as pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., and fouling costs are approximately $0.5 billion annually. The potential for corrosion in refineries and petrochemical plants may be inherent to some processes, but costly and damaging equipment losses are not. Much work is being done to adapt process control technologies to integrate corrosion monitoring...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... billet-making and extrusion processes, die construction, equipment maintenance, heat treating, and sawing and stretching procedures. It also discusses the importance of charting test results and monitoring surface treatments that may be required to improve corrosion, oxidation, or wear resistance...
Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines on how to set up and run an effective quality-improvement program for aluminum extrusion operations. It begins by identifying production processes and variables that impact the quality of hard and soft alloy extrusions. It then presents a series of checklists and flowcharts that can be used to monitor and troubleshoot billet-making and extrusion processes, die construction, equipment maintenance, heat treating, and sawing and stretching procedures. It also discusses the importance of charting test results and monitoring surface treatments that may be required to improve corrosion, oxidation, or wear resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. This is followed by a section reviewing the methods of corrosion control, namely the proper selection of materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The chapter ends with a discussion on the problems encountered and protective measures that are based on the state-of-the-art as practiced daily by corrosion and petroleum engineers and production personnel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... Excluded from consideration are related topics such as corrosion-monitoring devices, pressure testing, vibration monitoring, and pipeline pigging. Inspection Following a discussion of the general aspects associated with inspection, this section addresses: Inspection policy Inspection...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... , Engineering Design Guide, Design Council , Oxford University , 1980 38. Moran G. and Labine P. , Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods , ASTM , 1986 10.1520/STP908-EB 39. Munger C.G. , Corrosion Prevention...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on various factors to be considered at design stage to minimize corrosion. It begins by providing information on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. This is followed by a description of several factors influencing materials-component failure. Details on design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion, are then provided. The chapter ends with a discussion on the design factors that influence corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... of goodwill Review process and products for exposure to risk Evaluate risk and consequences of failure Lower exposure by technology change Develop new and expanded markets Coatings Alloys Inhibitors Corrosion monitors Apply emerging technology Develop competitive advantage by more corrosion-resistant...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. This chapter describes the effects and economic impact of corrosion in major industrial plants. The emphasis in this chapter, as well as in other chapters in this book, is on aqueous corrosion, or corrosion in environments where water is present. The chapter describes the classification of various forms of corrosion based on the nature of the corrodent, mechanism of corrosion, and appearance of the corroded metal. It discusses five primary methods of corrosion control, namely, material selection, coatings, inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design. Examples of the opportunities in corrosion control and the means to implement a program to capitalize on those opportunities are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Specimens” ASTM G92 “Standard Practice for Characterization of Atmospheric Test Sites” ASTM G84 “Standard Practice for Measurement of Time-of-Wetness on Surfaces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as in Atmospheric Corrosion Testing” ASTM G91 “Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO2 Using...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... application. Frequent shutdowns for thorough inspections (visually and with the aid of applicable nondestructive examination methods) and periodic evaluation of corrosion coupons exposed at key locations in the equipment represent both the ideal and the most difficult corrosion monitoring activities...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the step-by-step processes by which materials are selected in order to prevent or control corrosion and includes information on materials that are resistant to the various forms of corrosion. The various forms of corrosion covered are general (uniform) corrosion, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which organisms can influence the occurrence or rate of corrosion, and the types of corrosion most often influenced by microbes. The chapter then discusses the formation of biofilms on the surface of metals. This is followed by a list of industries most often reported as being affected by microbiological corrosion, along with the organisms usually implicated in the attack. The types of attack that have most commonly been documented are illustrated through generalized case histories for different classes of alloys. The chapter also describes the general approaches to be taken to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion. It ends with some information on the inhibition of corrosion by the action of bacteria.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Aqueous Environments ,” Paper 90501, presented at Corrosion/90 , National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1990 6.74 Gordon B.M. , “ Hydrogen Water Chemistry for BWR ,” Task 27, “ Materials and Environmental Monitoring Within the Duane Arnold BWR ,” Contract RP1930-1, Electrical Power...
Abstract
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades of investigation, showing that IASCC can essentially be defined as the intergranular cracking of austenitic alloys in high-temperature water, where both the material and its environment have been altered by radiation. Of the many interactions that can occur when metals and water are exposed to radiation, the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information on predictive modeling as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Paper Electrography • B 808, Test Method for Monitoring of Atmospheric Corrosion Chambers by Quartz Crystal Microbalances • B 810, Test Method for Calibration of Atmospheric Corrosion Test Chambers by Change in Mass of Copper Coupons • B 825...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the basic components in an induction heat treating system. It describes the design and operating characteristics of power supplies, load-matching transformers, tuning capacitors, power regulators, controllers, process monitors, and diagnostic systems...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic components in an induction heat treating system. It describes the design and operating characteristics of power supplies, load-matching transformers, tuning capacitors, power regulators, controllers, process monitors, and diagnostic systems. It also provides information on fixtures and work-handling devices, quench systems, and load matching and tuning procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... degradation, photo-oxidative degradation, environmental corrosion, and chemical corrosion of polymers. It also includes some of the techniques used to detect changes in structure during polymer exposure to hostile environments. In addition, the article describes the effects of environment on polymer...
Abstract
This article discusses the chemical susceptibility of a polymeric material. The discussion covers significant absorption and transportation of an environmental reagent by the polymer; the chemical susceptibility of additives; and thermal degradation, thermal oxidative degradation, photo-oxidative degradation, environmental corrosion, and chemical corrosion of polymers. It also includes some of the techniques used to detect changes in structure during polymer exposure to hostile environments. In addition, the article describes the effects of environment on polymer performance, namely plasticization, solvation, swelling, environmental stress cracking, polymer degradation, surface embrittlement, and temperature effects.