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core hardness
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 15-8 Case and core hardness of P4 steel as a function of tempering temperature. Curves A and B are from specimens pack carburized in charcoal and cast iron chips, respectively. Courtesy of Carpenter Steel Co.
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Published: 01 September 2005
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Published: 01 September 2005
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Published: 01 September 2005
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Published: 01 December 2000
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Published: 01 December 2000
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Published: 01 December 2000
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Published: 01 December 1999
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Published: 01 September 2005
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Published: 01 September 2005
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Published: 01 December 2000
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Published: 01 December 2000
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in Sources of Failures in Carburized and Carbonitrided Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 41 Approximate relationship between core microstructure and hardness of a Ni-Cr-Mo carburizing steel (approximately 4% alloy content) with approximately 0.16% C. The alloy content/carbon content extension (upper right corner of the figure) permits phase percentage plots to be adjusted
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 6.7 Approximate relationship between core microstructure and hardness of a Ni-Cr-Mo carburizing steel (~4% alloy content) with ~0.16% C. The alloy content/carbon content extension (top right) permits the phase % plots to be “moved” in relation to the fixed hardness scale to approximate
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... Abstract The primary objective of carburizing and hardening gears is to secure a hard case and a relatively soft but tough core. For this process, low-carbon steels (up to a maximum of approximately 0.30% carbon), either with or without alloying elements (nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum...
Abstract
The primary objective of carburizing and hardening gears is to secure a hard case and a relatively soft but tough core. For this process, low-carbon steels (up to a maximum of approximately 0.30% carbon), either with or without alloying elements (nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum), normally are used. The processes involved in hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears are discussed. Next, the chapter reviews the selection of materials for carburized gears and considerations related to carbon content, core hardness, and microstructure. This is followed by sections discussing some problems that can be experienced in the carburizing process and how these can be addressed, including a section on shot peening to induce compressive residual stress at and below the surface. It then discusses the applications of carburized gears and finally presents a case history of distortion control of carburized and hardened gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... involved in quenching, hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears. Next, the chapter reviews the selection process of materials for carburized gears and provides information on carbon content, properties, and core hardness of gear teeth. The problems associated...
Abstract
Gas (atmosphere) carburizing is the de facto standard by which all other surface hardening techniques are measured and is the emphasis of this chapter. Initially, the chapter describes the process and equipment for gas carburizing. This is followed by sections discussing the processes involved in quenching, hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears. Next, the chapter reviews the selection process of materials for carburized gears and provides information on carbon content, properties, and core hardness of gear teeth. The problems associated with carburizing are then covered, followed by the processes involved in heat treat distortion and shot peening of carburized and hardened gears. Information on grinding stock allowance on tooth flanks to compensate for distortion is also provided. The chapter further discusses the applications of carburized and hardened gears. Finally, it reviews vacuum carburizing and compares the attributes of conventional gas carburizing and vacuum carburizing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
..., dimensional stability, and generation of quenching and grinding cracks. They also include insufficient case hardness and improper core hardness, influence of surface carbon content and grain size, internal oxidation, structure of carbides, and inclusion of noncarbide. Details on micropitting, macropitting...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on various contributors to failure of carburized and carbonitrided components, with the primary focus on carburized components. The most common contributors covered include component design, selection of proper hardenability, increased residual stress, dimensional stability, and generation of quenching and grinding cracks. They also include insufficient case hardness and improper core hardness, influence of surface carbon content and grain size, internal oxidation, structure of carbides, and inclusion of noncarbide. Details on micropitting, macropitting, case crushing, pitting corrosion, and partial melting are also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... to 8-pitch gears made mostly from 8620H steel. This procedure was used to monitor the process variation in carburizing for surface hardness, effective case depth, and core hardness. The test pin diameter chosen was based on the gear tooth thickness and the fact that the test pin center cooling rate...
Abstract
The results of certain heat treating processes must be verified for case quality and case depth by destructively sectioning a part or parts that were subjected to the process. Test coupons or test pins are often used for diffusion processes such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and ferritic nitrocarburizing to provide an accurate heat treating process evaluation. This appendix briefly describes the advantages and selection and design considerations of test coupons. A typical example of the use of test pins for monitoring carburizing and hardening of gears is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... of choice is H13, which is classified as a deep-hardening chromium hot-work steel containing 5% Cr and 0.40% C. This steel can be readily water cooled while in service and has a good toughness factor after nitriding—provided that the preheat treatment has been done correctly in terms of core hardness...
Abstract
The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound layer formation, and temperature, are also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also addresses steel selection and surface metallurgy of gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... of 0.30 to 0.50% are carbonitrided to case depths up to approximately 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) when a combination of a reasonably tough, through-hardened core and a hard, long-wearing surface is required (for example, transmission gears). Steels such as 4140, 5130, 5140, 8640, and 4340 for applications...
Abstract
Carbonitriding is a modified form of gas carburizing. It is performed in a closed furnace chamber with an atmosphere enriched with a gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen. This chapter provides information on the carbonitriding of steels, the applications of carbonitriding, the typical case depths, and the hardenability of carbonitrided parts. In addition, the chapter also discusses the processes involved in quenching, tempering, and distortion of carbonitrided steels.
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