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confidence limits
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 57 Determination of upper and lower confidence limit and arithmetic mean values of residual stresses through the hardened depth. Source: Ref 54
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 101 Hardenability of the analyzed steels and determination of the upper and lower confidence limit. Source: Ref 83
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 95 Bending fatigue strength of gear teeth at (a) tooth gap hardening and (b) flank hardening for various steels. Broken lines denote confidence limit according to DIN 3990. Source: Ref 36
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in Petroleum Reactor Pressure-Vessel Materials for Hydrogen Service
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 7.2. Tempering parameter vs tensile strength for quenched-and-tempered 2¼Cr-1Mo (ASTM A387, grade 22) steel plates and forgings ( Ref 4 ). Dashed lines demarcate 95% confidence limits. For tempering parameter, temperature is expressed in °R, and time in hours.
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Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 6-35 Creep-rupture properties of Type HK-40 alloy. The scatter bands shown are set arbitrarily at ±20% of the stress for the central tendency line. Such a range usually embraces test data for similar alloy compositions, but should not be considered statistically significant confidence
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... procedure is not strictly governed by hardening temperature. All that matters is that the heating process does not end at too low a temperature, because sometimes it is necessary for the transformation into austenite. The heating temperature is limited by the solidus-line temperature, since the process...
Abstract
Induction heating, in most applications, is used to selectively heat only a portion of the workpiece that requires treatment. This chapter covers the basic principles, features, and metallurgical aspects of induction heating. The discussion includes the conditions required for induction heating and quenching, the use of magnetic flux concentrators to improve the efficiency of surface heating, and the quenching systems used for induction hardening. The discussion also provides information on time-temperature dependence in induction heating, workpiece distortion in induction surface hardening, residual stresses after induction surface hardening and finish grinding, and input and output control of steel for induction surface hardening of gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... ( in % ) P ¯ P , α = 156 ( 20 ) ( 25 ) 100 = 31.2 % S ( P ¯ P , α ) = ( 947.2 19 ) 1 / 2 = 7.0606 % CV = 7.0606 31.2 100 = 22.6 % 95 % confidence limit = ( 2.093 ) ( 7.0606 ) ( 19...
Abstract
This chapter covers the emerging practice of quantitative microscopy and its application in the study of the microstructure of metals. It describes the methods used to quantify structural gradients, volume fraction, grain size and distribution, and other features of interest. It provides examples showing how the various features appear, how they are measured, and how the resulting data are converted into usable form. The chapter also discusses the quantification of fracture morphology and its correlation with material properties and behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Quality Control ,” John Wiley & Sons , New York , 2 nd ed., 1981 , p 365 - 390 13. Chou Y-M. , Owen D.B. , and Borrego S.A. , “ Lower Confidence Limits on Process Capability Indices ,” Journal of Quality Technology , Vol 22 , 1990 , p 223 - 229 10.1080...
Abstract
Users of steel castings establish performance requirements for specific characteristics of the castings based on the planned use. They express tolerance for variation in those characteristics to the producer of the castings. One issue which should never be taken for granted in considering capability and tolerances is the ability to measure with accuracy and precision (repeatability and reproducibility). This chapter discusses the methods for measuring accuracy and precision. It describes the variation of process characteristics, capability indices in general use, and factors related to process performance and tolerance specification.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of internal visual inspection include: Large-scale coverage rapidly achieved Lower cost of inspection activity itself Confidence based on extensive history of use Limitations of Internal Visual Inspection Limitations of internal visual inspection include: Subsurface defects cannot...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
.... The data are given in Fig. 5-8 and listed in Table 5-4 . The test results are uniform for loads of 10 to 50 kgf. Lower hardnesses were obtained at loads of 1 and 5 kgf. Table 5-4 shows that the 95 percent confidence limits increase as the test load decreases and as the hardness of the test block...
Abstract
Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope and Equotip hardness tests, and microindentation tests. It describes the equipment and procedures used, discusses the factors that influence accuracy, and provides hardness conversion equations for different types of materials. It also explains how hardness testing sheds light on anisotropy, machinability, wear, fracture toughness, and tensile strength as well as temperature effects, residual stress, and quality control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... values are used for design. It is for this reason that parts and assemblies should be laboratory tested, as well as field tested, in order to have more confidence in the performance of the actual mechanism. Fig. 9 Relationship between fatigue limit and tensile strength in polished and in severely...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on some of the facts of mechanical properties of metals that must be understood to successfully undertake the task of failure analysis. The discussion begins by describing the causes and effects of elastic and plastic deformation followed by a section describing the effects of temperature variations on mechanical properties, both in tension and in compression. The nonlinear behavior of gray cast iron caused by the graphite flakes is then described. Finally, the effect of stress concentrations on high-strength metals is considered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... of Edenhofer ( Ref 8 , 24 ). The graph is extrapolated over the original limit of 45 h. The fit equations are y = 3 , 8722 − 0.236 x + 2.361 x , y = − 0.789 − 0.124 x + 1.958 x , and y = 0.758 − 0.057 x + 0.918 x and r 2 = 0.993, 0.995...
Abstract
Process gas control for plasma (ion) nitriding is a matter of estimating the flows necessary to accomplish the required surface metallurgy. This chapter reviews several studies aimed at better understanding process gas control in plasma nitriding and its influence on compound zone formation. Emphasis is placed on the effect of sputtering on the kinetics of compound zone formation. The discussion covers the processes involved in process gas control analysis by photo spectrometry and mass spectrometry and the difficulties associated with gas analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... limitations and their implications are discussed. The article presents a case study and finally introduces a different value-add application flow capitalizing on the wafer-level fault localization system. 22 nm technology device accelerated yield device failing memory test failure analysis...
Abstract
This article introduces the wafer-level fault localization failure analysis (FA) process flow for an accelerated yield ramp-up of integrated circuits. It discusses the primary design considerations of a fault localization system with an emphasis on complex tester-based applications. The article presents examples that demonstrate the benefits of the enhanced wafer-level FA process. It also introduces the setup of the wafer-level fault localization system. The application of the wafer-level FA process on a 22 nm technology device failing memory test is studied and some common design limitations and their implications are discussed. The article presents a case study and finally introduces a different value-add application flow capitalizing on the wafer-level fault localization system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... of permissible size, general shape, or weight. These constraints may then influence material selection and foundry practice. For example, a size limitation for a given load-carrying capacity will require the choice of a higher strength material. Additional design constraints to consider are cost, material...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of factors that must be considered in the design of structural components for satisfactory service performance in terms of mechanical behavior of steel castings. The chapter discusses designing against yielding, excessive deflection, and creep and stress rupture. The chapter describes the three main approaches to evaluating and designing structures relative to fatigue resistance: the S-N curve approach for high cycle fatigue, the strain range approach for low cycle fatigue, and the fracture mechanics approach. Two approaches to design against brittle fracture are described, the ductile to brittle transition concept and the fracture mechanics approach. The chapter also discusses several types of corrosion behavior and emphasizes the need to interact with corrosion specialists in the design process. It illustrates the unique advantages that designers may gain by designing components as castings to achieve low stress concentrations economically.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... solution models. These have the advantage that there is substantial experimental literature that deals with the thermodynamics of impurity additions, particularly for established materials such as ferrous- and copper-base alloys. However, there are fundamental limitations in handling concentrated solutions...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a computational method, called CALPHAD, used for the study of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. It describes the thermodynamic models and calculation techniques employed in the software and explains how it applies to complex alloys used in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... are limited by the inherently high reactivity of the metal. Thus, nontraditional and, therefore, high-cost processes have been the norm in the industry. Sponge fines of titanium and aluminum-vanadium master alloy powder produced by conventional P/M techniques have been used in the BE process to produce P/M...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of producing titanium parts using powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. It compares the typical properties of wrought, cast, and PM titanium alloy products, addresses various manufacturing challenges, and describes several consolidation and shaping processes along with associated property data.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... are nonhomogeneous (layered) and anistropic (orthotropic), it was necessary to develop specialized test methods. In addition, since early composite development was limited to aerospace companies, each company developed its own procedures. Eventually, standards for testing composites were developed. The two most...
Abstract
This chapter discusses composite testing procedures, including tension, compression, shear, flexure, and fracture toughness testing as well as adhesive shear, peel, and honeycomb flatwise tension testing. It also discusses specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, and data analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... and confidence have not yet been gained in repairing the excavated areas and ensuring their continued safety. In spite of some of these limitations, sample removal and testing is becoming increasingly common because it eliminates a major uncertainty in life-assessment procedures—i.e., the uncertainty due...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... and eventual failure of components and systems in the processing and manufacturing industries and reductions in the service life of components. Thermal sprayed coatings prevent, or limit, the effects of corrosion and wear by providing protection against chemical and physical interactions of a material...
Abstract
This article summarizes the results of work completed by the ASM Thermal Spray Society Advisory Committee to identify key research challenges and opportunities in the thermal spray field. It describes and prioritizes research priorities related to emerging process methods, thermal spray markets and applications, and process robustness, reliability, and economics.