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computer numerical controlled winding machines
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the ways in which the evolution of filament winding software systems has capitalized on the inherent flexibility of computer numerical controlled winding machines and enhanced their productivity. It provides a detailed discussion on different types...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which the evolution of filament winding software systems has capitalized on the inherent flexibility of computer numerical controlled winding machines and enhanced their productivity. It provides a detailed discussion on different types of geometries that can be wound, from the simple to the highly complex, with insight into the limitations, advantages, and challenges of each. Components covered include classic axisymmetric parts (rings, pipes, driveshafts, pipe reducers, tapered shafts, closed-end pressure vessels, and storage tanks), nonround sections (aeromasts, airfoils, box sections, and fuselage sections), curved-axis parts (elbows, ducts), and special applications (tees). Basic winding concepts, such as band pattern, are discussed and explained, and some simple predictive formulae are introduced. The chapter also provides examples of programming various geometries using advanced software tools and discusses how various materials, such as rovings, tow-preg, prepreg tape, and woven materials, affect winding program generation.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... . Fig. 2.3 Pipe and tank winder The evolution of filament winding machines continued with the addition of computer control. Pattern-generation software for personal computers was developed for winding machines. Entec was one of the first companies in the industry to offer their own in-house...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of filament winding systems and the automated processes used in state-of-the-art filament winding facilities. It first provides a description on the early stages of modern filament winding, followed by brief information on the advances of filament winding in the computer age. Then, the chapter discusses the requirements for filament winding in manufacturing oil and gas industry components and in high-volume production of sporting goods, propane tanks, and curing ovens. The chapter concludes with examples of the versatility of filament winding in producing complex parts.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... , weight; PAN, polyacrylonitrile Design Considerations Over the years, the design of RMCs has evolved to a more exact science, using the latest computer analysis and computer-controlled manufacturing methods. A program originally developed for mainframe computers and now available for personal...
Abstract
The necessity of developing the lightest-weight structures with sufficient strength was the driving factor for the development of filament-wound composite pressure vessels. This chapter presents a brief history of the development of rocket motor cases (RMCs), followed by a comparison of the advantages of composites over metals for RMCs. A discussion on a typical design, analysis, and manufacturing operation follows. The chapter introduces the basic design approach and shows some sizing techniques along with example calculations. It discusses the processes involved in the testing of the composite pressure vessel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... compaction pressure. The machine lays the tape according to a previously generated numerical control (NC) program and cuts the material at the correct length and angle. When a length (course) is completed, it lays out tail, lifts off the tool, retracts to the course start position, and begins laying the next...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the many and varied thermoset composite fabrication processes and the types of applications for which they were developed. It describes wet lay-up, prepreg lay-up, and low-temperature vacuum bag curing prepreg processes, which are best suited for low-volume, medium-sized and larger parts. It also discusses filament winding and preforming processes (including weaving, knitting, stitching, and braiding) in addition to resin-transfer molding, resin film infusion, and pultrusion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... a servomotor press that combines a newly developed large-sized, high-torque servomotor drive with a crank mechanism. The press uses computer numerical controls for high functionality. It is thus possible to program the forming motion and speed in order to set the optimum parameters required to form the part...
Abstract
This chapter defines near-net shape forging as the process of forging parts close to their final dimensions such that little machining or only grinding is required as a final step. It then describes the causes of dimensional variations in forging, including die deflection, press deflection, and process inconsistencies, and discusses related innovations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... memories and are used for sophisticated programs for optimizing, process modeling, scheduling, and management planning. Personal computers are finding a place at the lower end of this category. At first, digital machines such as those listed above were used to do the same control jobs performed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the selection, use, and integration of methods to control process variables in induction heating, including control of workpiece and processing temperature and materials handling systems. The discussion of temperature control includes a review of proportional controllers and heat-regulating devices. Integration of control functions is illustrated with examples related to heating of steel slabs, surface hardening of steel parts, vacuum induction melting for casting operations, and process optimization for electric-demand control. Distributed control within larger manufacturing systems is discussed. The chapter also covers nondestructive techniques for process control and methods for process simulation.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... an actuation mechanism such as removing defective parts from the good ones. The primary advantages of a machine vision system are its high accuracy, fast measuring process, and capability to compare the 3-D parts with computer-aided design or numerical simulation data ( Ref 15.24 ). Its biggest disadvantage...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of sensors used in sheet forming operations and the information they provide. It explains how force sensors protect equipment from overloads due to tool wear, friction, and misfeeds, how displacement and proximity sensors help to prevent die crashes, how acoustic emission, ultrasonic, and eddy current sensors detect tool breakage and part defects such as cracks, and how roller ball and optical sensors measure material flow. It also discusses the role of draw-in, wrinkle, oil-monitoring, and vision sensors and explains how material properties can be derived in real time from various sensor outputs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... and latent factors. Failures may also involve multiple parts, entire machines, or processes of any size and shape. The chapter examines the unique aspects of many failures and explains how they can sometimes be traced to systemic issues. It also covers the reasons why products fail, including improper...
Abstract
Many companies conduct only metallurgical evaluations in the wake of failures, discovering nothing more than the physical mechanism by which the failure occurred. The origin of failures, however, is often complex, involving not only physical mechanisms, but also human behavior and latent factors. Failures may also involve multiple parts, entire machines, or processes of any size and shape. The chapter examines the unique aspects of many failures and explains how they can sometimes be traced to systemic issues. It also covers the reasons why products fail, including improper service or operation, improper maintenance, improper testing, assembly errors, fabrication or manufacturing errors, and design errors. The case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse is presented to illustrate the consequence of overlooked factors, in this case, wind dynamics, and the importance of identifying root causes to prevent repeat failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... for their heat-up rates during autoclave processing. The designs, shown in Fig. 4.8 , consisted of a steel faceplate with a welded eggcrate substructure, a numerical controlled (NC) machined aluminum form block tool placed on an aluminum project plate, and an electroformed nickel tool with an open tubular...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the tooling used for autoclave curing, one of the most common composite fabrication processes. The discussion covers curing practices, material selection factors, and design challenges associated with thermal expansion, tool shrinkage, part complexity, and heating and cooling rates. The chapter also includes best practices and recommendations for toolmaking and assembly.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... always exactly match the Φ leading,lagging value. This is why the spindle of a winding machine must allow for very accurate computer numerical control, up to at least four digits behind the decimal point (in degrees). References References 3.1 Baker E.H. , Kovalevsky L. , and Rish...
Abstract
This chapter outlines a methodology for the design of cylindrical pressure vessels, with emphasis on the establishment of winding patterns and the interaction between the real fiber bed geometry (finite roving dimensions) and the theoretical one. To highlight the materials-shape/pattern-roving interaction, an outline of the basic principles of pressure vessel design is provided. After a short section on laminate thickness approximation techniques (essential for establishing a range of acceptable roving dimensions), the chapter concludes with an example demonstrating the methodology from an initial set of design parameters up to the final stage, including patterns, roving dimensions, and production time minimization.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Castings ,” in this book, are essential to ensure good nodularity and high nodule counts. Control of carbides and inclusions is needed for machinability and good mechanical properties. Good metal treatment, sound gating and feeding practices, and good filtration minimize inclusions. The following...
Abstract
Unlike conventional quench and temper heat treatment, austempering is an iron and steel heat-treatment process that enhances mechanical properties through the isothermal transformation of austenite with a minimum amount of quenching stresses. This chapter begins with a discussion of austemperability requirements. Then outlines of austenitizing and austempering cycles and resultant microstructures are presented. This is followed by sections discussing the mechanical properties, advantages, limitations, machinability, process variants, and applications of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Information on the growth of premachined ADI components is also provided. Further, the chapter describes two slightly different systems for austempering: atmospheric-salt and salt-salt systems. Finally, it presents general guidelines for component designers, casting manufacturers, and heat treaters to apply ADI more widely and with improved success.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... of bending operations, it is useful to consider bending as a system that includes the following: Sheet material (thickness, properties, and surface finish) Equipment/machine used (control and capacity) Tools (material and coating) Tool-sheet interface (friction) Deformation work zone...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a review of the mechanics of bending and the primary elements of a bending system. It examines stress-strain distributions defined by elementary bending theory and explains how to predict stress, strain, bending moment, and springback under various bending conditions. It describes the basic principles of air bending, stretch bending, and U- and V-die bending as well as rotary, roll, and wipe die bending, also known as straight flanging. It also discusses the steps involved in contour (stretch or shrink) flanging, hole flanging, and hemming and describes the design and operation of press brakes and other bending machines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... the resin has cured, the filament-wound part is removed from the mandrel and machined or assembled as required. Fig. 19 Filament winding Applications for filament-wound composites include gasoline storage tanks, septic tanks, large-diameter drainage pipes, chemical storage systems...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... to accommodate the maximum number of core cavities to suit the machines and ensure high productivity. The geometry-driven parting plane may pose some challenges when engineering the core box clamping, core ejection, handling, and storage. Several computer software programs have been developed based on fluid...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... on multispindle wire drawing machines as shown in Fig. 2.1 . The production processes are described in section 5.3 . Other extruded products are anodes used for electrochemical plating with tin, for example, tin plating for corrosion protection. Tin alloy extruded products are also used in the manufacture...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... possible at any time to monitor the operational conditions and possible faults as well as to transfer protocols and data via a centralized computer. An operating control system for the extrusion process can also be included. Orders can be controlled, processed, and monitored [ Bug 88 ]. Different...
Abstract
The machinery and equipment required for rod and tube extrusion is determined by the specific extrusion process. This chapter provides a detailed description of the design requirements and principles of machinery and equipment for direct and indirect hot extrusion. It then covers the presses and auxiliary equipment for tube extrusion, induction furnaces for billet processing, handling systems for copper and aluminum alloy products, extrusion cooling systems, and age-hardening ovens. Next, the chapter describes the principles and applications of equipment for the production of aluminum and copper billets. Then, it focuses on process control in both direct and indirect hot extrusion of aluminum alloys without lubrication. The chapter describes the technology of electrical and electronic controls in the extrusion process. It ends with a discussion on the factors that influence the productivity and quality of the products in the extrusion process and methods for process optimization.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.9781627083003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... of refinements that increase the efficiency of the furnace. Improvements include water cooling, preheated air blasts, oxygen enrichment, coke injection, the use of basic linings, and computer control. Cupolas may be operated either continuously or intermittently. In continuous operation, the iron and slag...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing. abrasion wear testing adhesive wear adhesive wear testing erosion testing tribotesting 5.1 The Need for Tribotesting Most devices and machines of all types contain tribosystems that can fail and make...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.