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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... Abstract This chapter discusses the properties and uses of fiber-reinforced composites. It also describes the effect of volume fraction and fiber length. fiber length fiber-reinforced composites WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS, combinations of properties can be achieved that could...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses...
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of polymer-matrix composites, how they are produced, and how they perform in different applications. It describes the construction of laminates, the fibers and resins used, and the methods by which they are combined. It explains how strength, modulus, toughness, and high-temperature and corrosion behaviors are determined by the orientation, shape, and spacing of fibers, the number of plies, resin properties, and consolidation and forming methods. The chapter also covers secondary fabrication processes, such as thermoforming, machining, and joining, as well as production equipment and product forms, and include guidelines for optimizing tradeoffs when selecting fibers, resins, and production techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract Metal-matrix composites can operate at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and, unlike polymer-matrix composites, are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and resist attack by solvents and fuels. They can also be tailored to provide greater strength...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites can operate at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and, unlike polymer-matrix composites, are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and resist attack by solvents and fuels. They can also be tailored to provide greater strength and stiffness, among other properties, in preferred directions and locations. This chapter discusses the processes and procedures used in the production of fiber-reinforced aluminum and titanium metal-matrix composites. It explains how the length and orientation of reinforcing fibers affect the properties and processing characteristics of both aluminum and titanium composites. It also provides information on fiber-metal laminates and the use of different matrix metals and reinforcing materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract Ceramic-matrix composites possess many of the desirable qualities of monolithic ceramics, but are much tougher because of the reinforcements. This chapter explains how reinforcements are used in ceramic-matrix composites and how they alter energy-dissipating mechanisms and load...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites possess many of the desirable qualities of monolithic ceramics, but are much tougher because of the reinforcements. This chapter explains how reinforcements are used in ceramic-matrix composites and how they alter energy-dissipating mechanisms and load-carrying behaviors. It compares the stress-strain curves for monolithic ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites, noting improvements afforded by the addition of reinforcements. It then goes on to discuss the key attributes, properties, and applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic composites, continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also describes a number of ceramic-matrix composite processing methods, including cold pressing and sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, directed metal oxidation, and liquid, vapor, and polymer infiltration.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... Abstract The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special...
Abstract
The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special characteristics of composites. This chapter describes suitable static mechanical test techniques for characterizing laminated composite materials. The approach is to provide recommended techniques, based on consensus opinions of fabricators and users of filament-wound composites, and to survey available techniques that have been used successfully in the field. The chapter describes the effects of various factors on the properties of composite constituents, including fibers, resins, and unidirectional plies. Some aspects of specimen selection are also described. The chapter provides information on pressure bottles and tubular parts that have been developed as standard test specimens for combined load testing of composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
..., and data plots. composite curing cure monitoring heat transfer mathematical models polymer matrix composites residual stress resin flow resin kinetics resin viscosity void formation PROCESSES FOR NEW COMPOSITE MATERIALS, during the 1960s and 1970s, were based solely on previous...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the tools and techniques, as well as some of the underlying theory, that have proven useful for process modeling and simulation. It begins by presenting the framework of a thermoset cure model that accounts for kinetics, viscosity, heat transfer, flow, voids, and residual stress. It then discusses each variable in detail, explaining how it affects the cure process, how it is measured, and how it can be expressed mathematically in the form of a simple model. The discussions throughout the chapter are supported by numerous images, diagrams, and data plots.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the effect of fiber length and orientation on the strength and stiffness of discontinuous-fiber composites. It also describes several fabrication processes, including spray-up, compression molding, reaction injection molding, and injection molding...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, directed metal oxidation, and liquid silicon infiltration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 10.1 Micrograph of a carbon fiber composite material that contains a very small dispersed-rubber phase in the matrix. Ultrathin section. Transmitted light, Hoffman modulation contrast, 40× objective Fig. 10.2 Micrograph of a carbon fiber composite material that was toughened...
Abstract
The second-generation composite materials were added to increase the strain to failure of the primary phase and/or create a dispersed second phase, thereby enhancing the fracture toughness of the thermosetting matrix. These matrices offered novel design capabilities for composites in a variety of aircraft applications. To improve the damage tolerance of composite materials even further, an engineering approach to toughening was used to modify the highly stressed interlayer with either a tougher material or through the use of preformed particles, leading to the third generation of composite materials. This chapter discusses the development, processes, application, advantages, and disadvantages of dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices. Information on the processes of particle interlayer toughening of composite materials is also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 11.1 Micrograph of impact damage of a 32-ply (+45/0/–45/90) 4s , high-temperature thermoplastic-matrix carbon fiber composite. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph Fig. 11.2 Cross section of an impact-damaged carbon fiber composite that was mounted with Rhodamine-B...
Abstract
As fiber-reinforced polymeric composites continue to be used in more damage-prone environments, it is necessary to understand the response of these materials when subjected to impact from foreign objects. This chapter provides an overview of the analysis methods for impact-damaged composites. It discusses the causes and effects of various failure mechanisms in composite materials. The failure mechanisms covered are brittle-matrix composite failure, tough-matrix composite failure, thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms, and dispersed-phase, rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 13.1 Honeycomb sandwich structure composite cross section (~1 μm ultrathin section) showing differences in the constituents and resin intermingling. Transmitted crossed polarized light with a 530 nm compensator plate. This micrograph and the insets are expanded to 200× magnification. (A–C...
Abstract
The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis of the intermingling of the film adhesive/prepreg resin system. It discusses the causes and effects of honeycomb core movement, which results in core crush. The chapter also explains the formation of a void in honeycomb composites and the failure mechanisms in honeycomb sandwich structure composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 14.1 Micrographs showing the effect of temperature on the depth of surface oxidation in a surfacing film/glass fiber composite. (a) As received (no exposure). (b) 204 °C (400 °F) exposure. (c) 232 °C (450 °F) exposure. (d) 260 °C (500 °F) exposure. Transmitted light, phase contrast, 20...
Abstract
Polymer composite materials are subject to degradation if not appropriately protected from the environment. Composite materials having polymeric matrices are susceptible to degradation from heat, sunlight, ozone, atomic oxygen (in space), moisture, solvents (chemicals), fatigue, excessive loading, and combinations of these environmental conditions. This chapter discusses the effects of heat, ultraviolet-light, and atomic oxygen on composite materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 15.1 Photograph of a painted carbon-fiber-reinforced composite part surface after a zone 1A lab-induced lightning strike. Two cross sections were taken from this area after impregnation with a casting resin. The cross sections for microscopic analysis are labeled “A” and “B...
Abstract
Lightning damage in polymer composites, as in metal structures, is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. In addition to visual damage assessment, non-destructive inspection techniques are employed to detect damage within the composite part. This chapter describes the macroeffects of a lightning strike on composites and discusses the methods involved in the assessment of microstructural damage in composites.