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Book Chapter
Black Liquor Recovery Boilers in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... susceptible to corrosion. This chapter describes some of the problems that the pulp and paper industry has solved as well as ongoing issues and concerns. It includes an in-depth review of 304L cladding failures involving coextruded composite tubes used as floor tunes in the lower furnace, as superheater tubes...
Abstract
Black liquor recovery boilers are an integral part of the kraft pulping process used in paper mills. Besides recovering chemicals for reuse, they also produce process steam. High operating temperatures and exposure to process chemicals and combustion byproducts make recovery boilers susceptible to corrosion. This chapter describes some of the problems that the pulp and paper industry has solved as well as ongoing issues and concerns. It includes an in-depth review of 304L cladding failures involving coextruded composite tubes used as floor tunes in the lower furnace, as superheater tubes, and for other purposes such as smelt openings. It provides detailed images showing cracks on the outer surfaces of the tubes and explains where the tubes were used and how they were operated.
Book Chapter
Challenges in Materials Applications for High-Temperature Service
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... mills, and so forth. With automatic controls for gas metal arc welding machines, a large scale of weld overlay can be applied in vessels or boilers with engineering quality. Laser cladding can also be applied in the shop on large equipment such as waterwall panels. Coextruded composite tubes...
Abstract
This chapter explains how materials selection becomes much more difficult when designing for high-temperature corrosion environments. It also discusses the use of cladding and weld overlays to compensate for material deficiencies and prolong service life.
Image
Tube hydroforming (THF) tooling composition. (a) Major THF tooling componen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2012
Fig. 9.29 Tube hydroforming (THF) tooling composition. (a) Major THF tooling components. (b) Typical tooling for engine cradle. (c) Detailed tooling cross section. Source: Ref 9.18 , 9.19
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Book Chapter
Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... that causes serious corrosion problems for boiler tube materials. Gaseous combustion products include N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O, SO 2 , HCl, HF, and other gaseous impurities such as CO and HBr. These gaseous constituents are often measured by plant operators. Examples of these flue gas compositions measured...
Abstract
Managing corrosion continues to be a challenge for operators of modern boilers worldwide. This chapter addresses the corrosion-related problems that can occur in boilers burning municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes corrosion mechanisms associated with different environments and alloys. It also discusses corrosion protection methods for furnace waterwalls and superheater tubes in waste-to-energy boilers.
Book Chapter
Oil-Fired Boilers and Furnaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... point could be reduced to about 500 °C (930 °F) when the ratio became less than 3 to 4. This is illustrated in Fig. 11.3 ( Ref 8 ). The analysis of the chemical compositions (wt%) of the deposits that formed on the superheater tubes when the boiler was fired with fuel oils with various ratios of (Na+S...
Abstract
Fireside corrosion can be a serious problem in oil-fired boilers and in refinery furnaces fired with low-grade fuels. This chapter provides an overview of fireside or oil-ash corrosion and the problems it can cause in utility power boilers and petrochemical refinery furnaces. It explains how oil-ash corrosion affects waterwalls, superheaters, and reheaters as well as metal tube supports and hangers.
Book Chapter
Static Mechanical Tests for Filament-Wound Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
...</italic><sub>12</sub> and <italic>F</italic><sup>c</sup><sub>LT</sub> The preferred test for determining longitudinal shear properties of filament-wound composites is axial torsion of a hoop-wound tube in accordance with ASTM D 5448 ( Fig. 8.3 , group III-d). The specimen shown in Fig. 8.7 with potted-in ends...
Abstract
The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special characteristics of composites. This chapter describes suitable static mechanical test techniques for characterizing laminated composite materials. The approach is to provide recommended techniques, based on consensus opinions of fabricators and users of filament-wound composites, and to survey available techniques that have been used successfully in the field. The chapter describes the effects of various factors on the properties of composite constituents, including fibers, resins, and unidirectional plies. Some aspects of specimen selection are also described. The chapter provides information on pressure bottles and tubular parts that have been developed as standard test specimens for combined load testing of composites.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
..., couplings, and cryogenic tubing. composite composite fabrication technology couplings cryogenic tube drill pipe drive shafts filament-wound struts hydraulic cylinders quality control satellite components tubular structures void-free structures Introduction The technology...
Abstract
The technology of fabricating composite hardware and structures by filament winding has evolved empirically through the development and manufacturing of specific components. This chapter reviews areas of technology used in building composite parts and discusses the processes from which the current technology was derived. The discussion covers quality control requirements for composite fabrication technology and cleanliness standards in the workplace. It describes technology developed for specific components, including satellites struts, aircraft hydraulic cylinders, drill pipe, drive shafts, couplings, and cryogenic tubing.
Book Chapter
Materials for Boiler Tubes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... on various steels and alloys, covering cost, engineering specifications, and ease of use. boiler tubes chemical composition condenser tubes materials selection steel 4.1 Introduction Boiler technologies developed over time are known as subcritical, super-critical (SC), ultra-supercritical...
Abstract
Boilers are often classified based on the maximum operating temperature and pressure for which they are designed. Classifications, in ascending order, are subcritical, supercritical, ultra-supercritical, and to advanced ultra-supercritical. At each higher operating point comes greater efficiency, as well as greater demand on construction materials. This chapter discusses the primary requirements for boiler tube materials, including oxidation and corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, thermal conductivity, and the ability to resist creep and rupture. It also provides information on various steels and alloys, covering cost, engineering specifications, and ease of use.
Book Chapter
Tools and Techniques for Material Characterization of Boiler Tubes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... diffraction, and neutron diffraction. These techniques provide information on the chemical composition of the material, microstructure and phase analysis, and also the surface characteristics. From a failure investigation point of view, the characterization of boiler tubes entails the determination...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the most effective tools for investigating boiler tube failures, including scanning electron microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It explains how the tools work and what they reveal. It also covers the topic of image analysis and its application in the measurement of grain size, phase/volume fraction, delta ferrite and retained austenite, inclusion rating, depth of carburization/decarburization, scale thickness, pearlite banding, microhardness, and hardness profiles. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the effect of scaling and deposition and how to measure it.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Building Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... product in 1963 slowed the growth. Vinyl was cheaper than aluminum and solved the denting problem inherent with metal sheet. Today aluminum represents, at best, a small portion of the market for house siding. Vinyl has taken the lower part of the market, and engineered wood/composite materials have...
Abstract
Aluminum alloy products offer architectural and building solutions that exploit the benefits inherent in this metal: light weight, excellent durability, low maintenance, and thermal management opportunities. This chapter discusses the major applications for aluminum building products and related competitive materials. The commonly used alloys and tempers and their performance benefits are outlined for extruded profiles, rolled sheet and foil, and die cast products.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.9781627082532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
Book Chapter
The Production of Extruded Semifinished Products from Metallic Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... with additives of arsenic, cadmium, and nickel are very important as bearing metals. Table 5.1 gives recommended lead alloys for the extrusion of rod, wire, tubes, sections, and cable sheathing. Lead alloys are extruded with deformation temperatures in the range 100 to 260 °C, depending on the composition...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Image
Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered electron image) showing the oxi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2007
Fig. 3.21 Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered electron image) showing the oxide scales formed on the outside diameter of the heat-exchanger tube (from the same batch of tubes that showed surface chromium depletion) exposed to air for 6 months. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX
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Image
Microstructures obtained with the use of thermomechanical processing in sea...
Available to Purchase
in Structural Steels and Steels for Pressure Vessels, Piping, and Boilers
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 14.5 Microstructures obtained with the use of thermomechanical processing in seamless tubes with a basic composition of approx. C = 0.15%, Mn = 1.5%, Si = 0.45% and microalloying additions of vanadium, niobium, and titanium, as indicated in the figures. Samples (a) to (c) present
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Book Chapter
Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... are modified versions of Group I alloys; and Group III alloys, which contain very low interstitial element contents or stabilizing elements for improved corrosion resistance and weldability. Tables 1 through 4 list the compositions of ferritic stainless steels. Figure 1 shows the relationships among...
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal structures. Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%. The primary advantage of the ferritic stainless steels, and in particular the high-chromium, high-molybdenum grades, is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided.
Image
Scanning electron microscopy backscattered electrons image of the corrosion...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.9 Scanning electron microscopy backscattered electrons image of the corrosion products showing initiation of sulfidation attack on the tube, where pitting attack was observed on the tube surface as shown in Fig. 10.8 Chemical compositions of the phases of the corrosion products
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Book Chapter
Heat-Resistant High Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200298
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... in a permanent steel mold normally solidify faster than a static casting poured into a sand mold, consequently, the tube usually has higher strength and ductility. Compositional variance within the specification limits also influences these properties ( 3 ). Typical Tensile Properties and Hardness at Room...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the definitions, alloy classification, alloy selection, mechanical properties, hot gas corrosion resistance, and formability of heat-resistant high alloy steels. In addition, the applications of cast heat-resistant alloys are also discussed.
Image
Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered electron image) showing the dep...
Available to Purchase
in Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 12.12 Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered electron image) showing the deposits and corrosion scales formed on a carbon steel (SA178A) superheater tube suffering severe tube-wall wastage. Chemical compositions at different locations were analyzed by energy-dispersive x-ray
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Book Chapter
Aluminum in Sports and Recreation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... process for such tanks includes: DC casting of 18 cm (7 in.) diameter logs, cutting into billets of about 14.5 kg (32 lbs). Heating and hot indirect extrusion to form a thick wall tube with a bottom, similar in nature to impact extrusion ( Fig. 19.1a ). The open cylinders are washed thoroughly...
Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which aluminum has been applied to recreation, with special attention on how its usage has changed the nature of these pursuits. It discusses the usage of aluminum in a variety of sports and sport vehicles.
Image
Complex canning arrangement, including composite billet for extruding tungs...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2023
Figure 10.23: Complex canning arrangement, including composite billet for extruding tungsten tubes at 1210°C.
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