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Published: 01 November 2010
Book Chapter
Fractography of Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... manufactured from different composite materials under different processes and exposed to different environmental and load conditions. The fracture surfaces of the pedigreed test specimens are examined, documented, and analyzed to determine which features are specific to a particular material, process, load...
Abstract
This article depicts typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials, covering interlaminar and translaminar fracture characteristics in composite materials.
Book Chapter
Mechanics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
..., and numerous test data for this material are available in the literature. In this chapter, therefore, discussion is limited to those PMCs known as filamentary composites, which are made up of long continuous fibers (generally graphite or boron) embedded in a matrix of epoxy or thermoplastic. The stress...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure mechanisms associated with fiber-reinforced composites. It begins with a review of fiber-matrix systems and the stress-strain response of unidirectional lamina and both notched and unnotched composite laminate specimens. It then explains how cyclic loading can lead to delamination, the primary failure mode of most composites, and describes some of the methods that have been developed to improve delamination resistance, assess damage tolerance, determine residual strength, and predict failure modes.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... methods that have been standardized for fiber-reinforced composite materials. It also briefly reviews considerations in tensile testing of metal-matrix composites. fiber-reinforced composites laminates metal-matrix composites Poisson's ratio polymeric-matrix composites single-filament tensile...
Abstract
This chapter presents the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Basic tensile testing of polymer composites is divided into lamina and laminate testing. The chapter focuses on tensile testing of laminates. It discusses the most common tensile test methods that have been standardized for fiber-reinforced composite materials. It also briefly reviews considerations in tensile testing of metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Static Mechanical Tests for Filament-Wound Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... Abstract The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special...
Abstract
The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special characteristics of composites. This chapter describes suitable static mechanical test techniques for characterizing laminated composite materials. The approach is to provide recommended techniques, based on consensus opinions of fabricators and users of filament-wound composites, and to survey available techniques that have been used successfully in the field. The chapter describes the effects of various factors on the properties of composite constituents, including fibers, resins, and unidirectional plies. Some aspects of specimen selection are also described. The chapter provides information on pressure bottles and tubular parts that have been developed as standard test specimens for combined load testing of composites.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Property Test Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... analysis. composites fracture toughness testing peel testing shear testing specimen preparation tension testing WHEN HIGH-STRENGTH composites were first developed in the 1960s, the same test methods for homogeneous and isotropic metals were initially used; however, since composite materials...
Abstract
This chapter discusses composite testing procedures, including tension, compression, shear, flexure, and fracture toughness testing as well as adhesive shear, peel, and honeycomb flatwise tension testing. It also discusses specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, and data analysis.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing at Low Temperatures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of approximately 50 to 100 kN. The 100 kN machine is preferable for high strength materials such as steels or composites but of course larger or smaller capacities can be used as necessary. Direct tension tests usually require a simple ramp function that is possible on the more economical electromechanical (screw...
Abstract
This chapter details low-temperature test procedures and equipment. It discusses the role temperature plays in the properties of typical engineering materials. The effect that lowering the temperature of a solid has on the mechanical properties of a material is summarized for three principal groups of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers (including fiber-reinforced polymers). The chapter describes the factors that influence the selection of tensile testing procedures for low-temperature evaluation, along with a comparison of tensile and compression tests. It covers the parameters and standards related to low-temperature tensile testing. The chapter discusses the factors involved in controlling test temperature. Finally, the chapter discusses the safety issues concerning the use of cooled methanol, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid helium.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
.... The effects of radiation on the properties of the materials are covered as well as the processes involved in testing laminates at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, the chapter provides information available on concrete aggregate composites. composites concrete aggregate composites cryogenic...
Abstract
Composite systems for cryogenic applications are discussed in this chapter. This chapter emphasizes filamentary-reinforced composites because they are the most widely used composite materials. It begins with a discussion on the approach to designing and fabricating with low-pressure laminate composites. This is followed by a section providing an overview of the materials in modern cryogenic technology. Then, the chapter describes the effect of cryogenic temperatures on materials properties; it also introduces the various joining techniques developed for composite materials. The effects of radiation on the properties of the materials are covered as well as the processes involved in testing laminates at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, the chapter provides information available on concrete aggregate composites.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Continuous-Fiber Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
..., damage tolerance, and testing and certification. composite laminates continuous carbon-fiber composites continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites damage tolerance fatigue failure mechanisms A COMPOSITE MATERIAL can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Thermoset Resins
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... systems and composite materials is complex and involves multiple failure modes, it is important that accelerated tests model each of the relevant processes in such a way as to describe the combined effect of competing modes. The best technique to date for accurately predicting the lifetime of polymers...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterization techniques used for analyzing the physical behavior and chemical composition of thermoset resins, namely chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The main purpose is to give sufficient detail to permit the reader understand a particular test technique and its value to the thermoset resin field. Epoxy resins are emphasized in the examples because they dominate the airframe and aerospace industries. The article also provides information on two categories of characterization of the processing behavior of thermoset. The first studies the thermal properties of reactive thermoset systems, while the second utilizes these thermal characteristics as the basis for monitoring and control during processing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
..., specimens, or equipment for toughness testing; however, there are special problems for the testing of weldments that are not contained in the other standards. Weldments have a composite of materials starting in the base metal, going through the heat-affected zone and into the weld metal. Such things...
Abstract
This article reviews nondestructive and destructive test methods used to characterize welds. The first process of characterization discussed involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. An overview of nondestructive evaluation is included that encompasses techniques used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. The next group of characterization procedures discussed is destructive tests, requiring the removal of specimens from the weld. The third component of weld characterization is the measurement of mechanical and corrosion properties. Following the discussion on the characterization procedures, the second part of this article provides examples of how two particular welds were characterized according to these procedures.
Book Chapter
Design and Certification Considerations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
..., the activities of the IPD team during the design process. Topics covered include material selection, manufacturing process selection, initial trade studies to select the material and design concept, the building block approach to testing and certification used in the aerospace industry, design allowables...
Abstract
This chapter discusses design and certification considerations, including materials and process selection, the building block approach to certification, design allowables, and design guidelines. It also includes information on damage tolerance and environmental sensitivity.
Book Chapter
Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Abstract The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis...
Abstract
The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis of the intermingling of the film adhesive/prepreg resin system. It discusses the causes and effects of honeycomb core movement, which results in core crush. The chapter also explains the formation of a void in honeycomb composites and the failure mechanisms in honeycomb sandwich structure composites.
Book Chapter
Special Materials: Polymers, Bone, Ceramics, and Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... and ceramic fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites. bone cyclic loading ceramics fatigue crack growth fatigue modeling fatigue properties fatigue test polymers Introduction In this chapter we consider several classes of materials that are of special interest: polymers, bone, ceramics...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of fatigue on polymers, ceramics, composites, and bone. It begins with a general comparison of polymers and metals, noting important differences in microstructure and cyclic loading response. It then presents the results of several studies that shed light on the fatigue behavior and crack growth mechanisms of common structural polymers and moves on from there to discuss the fatigue behavior of bone and how it compares to stable and cyclically softening metals. It also discusses the fatigue characteristics of engineered and composited ceramics and ceramic fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Composite Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... be fabricated using the same conditions that will be used for the actual parts. In addition, obtaining reliable test data from composite materials is generally trickier than for isotropic metals, and a lot of conflicting data are reported. Even in this chapter, the careful reader will note discrepancies...
Abstract
This chapter examines the static, fatigue, and damage tolerance properties of glass, aramid, and carbon fiber systems. It also explains how delaminations, voids, porosity, fiber distortion, and fastener hole defects affect impact resistance and strength.
Book Chapter
Component Failure Causes and Suggested Analysis Methods
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... fractography, microscopic examination, hardness testing, materials analysis, stress analysis, dimensional inspection Plastic or composite component compressive, tensile, brittle, fatigue failure Surface fractography, microscopic examination, materials analysis, contaminant presence, stress analysis...
Abstract
This appendix is a compilation of suggested analysis methods for suspected component failure causes.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... Abstract This chapter describes tensile testing of advanced ceramic materials, a category that includes both noncomposite, or monolithic, ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). The chapter presents four key considerations that must be considered when carrying out tensile tests...
Abstract
This chapter describes tensile testing of advanced ceramic materials, a category that includes both noncomposite, or monolithic, ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). The chapter presents four key considerations that must be considered when carrying out tensile tests on advanced monolithic ceramics and CMCs. These include effects of flaw type and location on tensile tests, separation of flaw populations, design strength and scale effects, and lifetime predictions and environmental effects. The chapter discusses the advantages, problems, and complications of four basic categories of tensile testing techniques as applied to ceramics and CMCs. These categories are true direct uniaxial tensile tests at ambient temperatures, indirect tensile tests, tests where failure is presumed to result from tensile stresses, and high-temperature tensile tests.
Book Chapter
Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... category of composites. Elastomers are materials that can tolerate 100% elongation in a tensile test and return forcibly to their original shape. Rubbers have at least 200% elongation in tension testing and started out as natural substances obtained from congealed resins from trees. Natural rubber...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of plastics and elastomers. It begins by describing the molecular differences between the two types of polymers and their typical uses. It then discusses the important attributes of engineering plastics and their suitability for applications involving friction, erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear. It also discusses the tribology of elastomers and rubber along with their basic differences and the conditions under which they produce Schallamach waves. It includes information on polymer composites as well.
Book Chapter
Friction and Wear Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article focuses on friction and wear as they relate to polymeric materials, covering friction and wear applications for polymeric materials. The discussion covers the causes and mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication; different test methods developed to simulate friction...
Abstract
This article focuses on friction and wear as they relate to polymeric materials, covering friction and wear applications for polymeric materials. The discussion covers the causes and mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication; different test methods developed to simulate friction and wear mechanisms; and friction and wear test data used for polymeric materials.
Book Chapter
Standardization and Other Resources
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
.... Soldering Handbook, 3rd Edition, 2000 Guideline for Hand Soldering Practices, 2015 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM B32, Standard Specification for Solder Metal ASTM B813 , Standard Specification for Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Soldering of Copper and Copper...
Abstract
This appendix presents the United States, German and European soldering and brazing standard specifications.
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