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Image
Magnetization curves for annealed commercially pure iron and nickel. Source...
Available to Purchase
in Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, and Eddy-Current Inspection
> Inspection of Metals: Understanding the Basics
Published: 01 April 2013
Image
Effects of carbon on the characteristics of commercially pure iron. (a) Con...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2006
Fig. 3 Effects of carbon on the characteristics of commercially pure iron. (a) Constitutional diagram for pure iron. (b) Initial effects of carbon on the principal thermal points of pure iron. Source: Ref 3
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Image
Effect of iron content on the corrosion rate of commercially pure magnesium...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2015
Fig. 3 Effect of iron content on the corrosion rate of commercially pure magnesium subjected to alternate immersion in 3% NaCl. Source: Ref 4
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Book Chapter
Fundamentals of the Heat Treating of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... in a generalized manner. The chapter provides a discussion on the constitution of commercially pure iron, subsequently leading to discussion on the iron-carbon alloy system. The chapter also describes the effect of carbon on the constitution of iron and of the solubility of carbon in iron. It provides information...
Abstract
Steel is an important material because of its tremendous flexibility in metal working and heat treating to produce a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. The purpose of this chapter is to present the metallurgical principles of heat treatment of steel in a generalized manner. The chapter provides a discussion on the constitution of commercially pure iron, subsequently leading to discussion on the iron-carbon alloy system. The chapter also describes the effect of carbon on the constitution of iron and of the solubility of carbon in iron. It provides information on transformations and on the classification of steels by carbon content. The chapter ends with a discussion on the effect of time on transformation and on the use of time-temperature-transformation diagrams.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... high permeability. High-Purity and Commercially Pure Irons High-Purity Iron For many years, extremely high-purity iron (99.99% Fe) has been produced for researching its magnetic characteristics. Those impurities that have the strongest detrimental effect on its magnetic properties are carbon...
Abstract
This article discusses the compositions, structures, and properties of the most common grades of soft magnetic metals and permanent magnet alloys. It explains how alloying additions and impurities affect the magnetic properties of these materials, which include commercially pure and phosphorus irons, low-carbon and silicon steels, ferritic stainless steels, and nickel-iron and iron-cobalt alloys.
Book Chapter
Nickel and Cobalt
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240547
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... nickel alloys. Corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloys include commercially pure and low-alloy nickels, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-molybdenum and nickel-silicon alloys, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloys. Special nickel...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel alloys have an excellent combination of corrosion, oxidation, and heat resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. Nickel alloys can be divided into alloys that combine corrosion and heat resistance, superalloys for high-temperature applications, and special nickel alloys. Corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloys include commercially pure and low-alloy nickels, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-molybdenum and nickel-silicon alloys, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloys. Special nickel alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear-resistant alloys and cobalt corrosion-resistant alloys.
Book Chapter
Magnesium and Zinc
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... and wrought magnesium alloys. It also discusses the nominal compositions, properties, and applications of commercially pure zinc, zinc casting alloys, and wrought zinc alloys. magnesium zinc corrosion mechanical properties heat treatment fabrication corrosion protection magnesium casting alloys...
Abstract
Magnesium occupies the highest anodic position on the galvanic series and can be subject to severe corrosion. The corrosion problem is due to the impurity elements iron, nickel, and copper. However, the use of higher-purity magnesium alloys has led to corrosion resistance approaching that of some of the competing aluminum casting alloys. This chapter begins with a general overview of magnesium metallurgy and alloy designations and moves on to discuss in detail the nominal compositions, mechanical properties, heat treatment, fabrication, and corrosion protection of magnesium casting alloys and wrought magnesium alloys. It also discusses the nominal compositions, properties, and applications of commercially pure zinc, zinc casting alloys, and wrought zinc alloys.
Book Chapter
Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... silicon-molybdenum cast iron 10–12 5.6–6.5 Iron carbon alloys 9.3–12 5.2–6.9 Pure Terbium (Tb) 9.8–13 5.4–6.9 Cobalt chromium nickel tungsten 10–12 5.8–6.7 High-carbon high-chromium cold work tool steel 11 6.2 Tungsten high-speed tool steel 8.5–14 4.7–7.8 Commercially pure...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels, presenting a summary of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity; and listing thermal conductivities and specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Discovering Metals—A Historical Overview
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of commercially pure aluminum (99+% pure) at 500× magnification ( Fig. 4.7 ). The dark particles in the micrograph are concentrations of impurity compounds, in this case Al 2 O 3 . These impurity concentrations or particles are similar to the inclusions or stringers in wrought iron. Fig. 4.7 Micrograph...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
Image
Typical microstructures of commercially pure titanium plate with (a) normal...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.24 Typical microstructures of commercially pure titanium plate with (a) normal (0.17%) and (b) low (0.03%) iron content. The beta-spheroids in the high-iron material tend to restrict grain growth. Original magnification: 100x. Courtesy of RMI Co.
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Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.9781627082846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
Book Chapter
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170495
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... The nickel alloy family consists of: Commercially pure nickels Low-alloy nickels Nickel-copper alloys Nickel-molybdenum alloys Nickel-chromium-iron alloys Iron-nickel-chromium alloys Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys Nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloys Nickel-chromium-tungsten...
Abstract
This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of nickel and its alloys. It explains how nickel-base alloys are categorized and lists the most common grades along with their compositional ranges and corresponding UNS numbers. It describes the role of nearly 20 alloying elements and how they influence strength, ductility, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It also addresses processing issues, explaining how alloying and intermetallic phases affect forming, welding, and machining operations.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... magnesium and other metals are a serious concern. The influence of cathodic iron impurities on the corrosion of commercially pure magnesium is presented in Fig. 3 . Above the tolerance level of 170 ppm for iron in magnesium, the corrosion rate increases dramatically. Figure 4 shows the effects of iron...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical factors on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The factors are chemical composition, heat treating, grain size, and cold-work effects. The chapter describes the causes of corrosion failures in magnesium alloys, namely heavy-metal contamination, blast residues, flux inclusions, and galvanic attack.
Book Chapter
Tribological Properties of Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... Pure copper is not really pure. Commercially available pure coppers are either electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) or deoxidized high phosphorus (DHP). There are other high coppers of utility in tribology such as chromium copper. 6.2 Mechanical Properties There are a number of commercially available...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of copper alloys. It describes the compositions and forms of copper available and their suitability for applications involving friction, different types of erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Metals—A Variety of Possibilities
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...-density element (approximately 60% of the density of steel) that can be readily strengthened by alloying and deformation processing. Like steel, it is allotropic. Titanium exists in two crystallographic forms. At room temperature, unalloyed (commercially pure) titanium has a hexagonal close-packed (hcp...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
...) 73 0.35 0.004 0.72 29 0.82 33 0.1 4 0.1 4 (a) Iron is expressed as a fraction of analyzed manganese content. (b) AZ91E alloy pending ASTM approval. Source: Ref 6 – 8 Effects of Alloying on Stress-Corrosion Cracking Behavior Commercially pure magnesium...
Abstract
This article examines the composition and properties of magnesium and its alloys. It discusses alloy and temper designations, applications and product forms, and commercial alloy systems, and explains how alloying elements affect physical and mechanical properties, processing characteristics, and corrosion behaviors.
Book Chapter
Solid-State Transformations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... are changed slightly, as indicated by the dashed lines in Fig. 8.2 . In ferrous alloys, iron is the prime alloying element, but carbon and other alloying elements are frequently used. Based on carbon content, there are three types of ferrous alloys: irons, steels, and cast irons. Commercially pure iron...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics of eutectoid transformations, a type of solid-state transformation associated with invariant reactions, focusing on the iron-carbon system of steel. It describes the compositions, characteristics, and properties of ferrite, eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and hypereutectoid structures and how they are affected by the addition of various alloying elements. The chapter also discusses the formation of peritectoid structures in the uranium-silicon alloy system.
Book Chapter
Principles of Alloying Titanium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
...). The active beta-eutectoid element silicon is also added to alpha-matrix alloys to improve creep strength. Examples of alloys of this type include Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si and Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-lMo-0.25Si. Although not an alloy, commercially pure titanium is placed into this group. Small additions of iron...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of alloying and their practical application in the production of titanium mill products and engineered parts. It begins with a review of the atomic and crystal structure of titanium and the conditions for interstitial and substitutional alloying. It then describes the different classes of alloying elements, their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors, and their influence on phase transitions and transformations. The chapter also discusses the role of intermetallic compounds and their effect on crystal structure and creep behavior.
Book Chapter
Copper
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... commercially pure copper, which are ordinarily soft and ductile and contain less than approximately 0.7% total impurities. The high-copper alloys, or dilute coppers, contain small amounts of various alloying elements, such as beryllium, cadmium, chromium, or iron. The brasses contain zinc, the phosphor bronzes...
Abstract
Copper is often used in the unalloyed form because pure copper is more conductive than copper alloys. Alloying elements are added to optimize strength, ductility, and thermal stability, with little negative effect on other properties such as conductivity, fabricability, and corrosion resistance. This chapter covers the classification, composition, properties, and applications of copper alloys, including brasses, bronzes, copper-nickel, beryllium-copper, and casting alloys. It also examines wrought copper alloys and pure coppers. The chapter begins with an overview of the copper production process and concludes with a discussion on corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Pure Iron
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract Steels are over 95% Fe, so a good starting point for understanding steel is to study the nature of solid iron. This chapter provides information on the composition, phase transformation, and associated changes in the crystal structure of pure iron at varying temperatures...
Abstract
Steels are over 95% Fe, so a good starting point for understanding steel is to study the nature of solid iron. This chapter provides information on the composition, phase transformation, and associated changes in the crystal structure of pure iron at varying temperatures.
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