Search Results for commercial forms

This chapter assesses the benefits of using a solid immersion lens (SIL) to detect faults in ICs via optical imaging and laser-stimulation techniques. It discusses the advantages and limitations of different types of SILs and their effect on spatial resolution, spot size, focus depth, and collection efficiency. It also provides a brief overview of technical challenges at the die level.

Titanium alloys are classified according to the amount of alpha and beta phase material retained in their structures at room temperature. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, composition, processing, and properties of titanium and its alloys. It provides information on melting, forging, casting, heat treating, and secondary fabrication. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of titanium and its alloys in various applications.

This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of nickel and its alloys. It explains how nickel-base alloys are categorized and lists the most common grades along with their compositional ranges and corresponding UNS numbers. It describes the role of nearly 20 alloying elements and how they influence strength, ductility, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It also addresses processing issues, explaining how alloying and intermetallic phases affect forming, welding, and machining operations.

This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.

This article discusses the composition, structures, properties, and behaviors of aluminum alloys and explains how they correspond to specific alloying elements. It begins with an overview of the general characteristics of wrought and cast aluminum alloys, the four-digit classification system by which they are defined, and the applications for which they are suited. It then explains how primary alloying elements, second-phase constituents, and impurities affect yield strength, phase formation, and grain size and how they induce structural changes that help refine certain alloys. The article also explains how primary alloying elements affect corrosion and wear behaviors and how they influence fabrication processes such as forming, forging, welding, brazing, and soldering.

This chapter describes the effects of metallurgical variables on the corrosion of aluminum alloys. Emphasis is placed on the effect of constituent particles on pitting corrosion of aluminum.

This chapter discusses the similarities and differences of forging and forming processes used in the production of wrought superalloy parts. Although forming is rarely concerned with microstructure, forging processes are often designed with microstructure in mind. Besides shaping, the objectives of forging may include grain refinement, control of second-phase morphology, controlled grain flow, and the achievement of specific microstructures and properties. The chapter explains how these objectives can be met by managing work energy via temperature and deformation control. It also discusses the forgeability of alloys, addresses problems and practical issues, and describes the forging of gas turbine disks. On the topic of forming, the chapter discusses the processes involved, the role of alloying elements, and the effect of alloy condition on formability. It addresses practical concerns such as forming speed, rolling direction, rerolling, and heat treating precipitation-hardened alloys. It presents several application examples involving carbide-hardened cobalt-base and other superalloys, and it concludes with a discussion on superplasticity and its adaptation to commercial forging and forming operations.

This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of titanium. It explains how alloying elements affect transformation temperatures, tensile and creep strength, elasticity, hardness, and corrosion behaviors. It provides composition and property data for commercial grades of titanium, addresses processing issues, and identifies operating environments where certain titanium alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.

This chapter provides a brief history of powder metallurgy from its earliest known uses to present day applications.

Titanium is a lightweight metal with a density approximately 60% that of steel and, through alloying and deformation processing, it can be just as strong. It is readily available in many grades and forms and can be further processed using standard methods and techniques. This chapter provides a concise review of the capabilities of titanium and its design advantages over other materials. It includes information on properties and selection factors as well as applications.

This chapter introduces the basic ferrous physical metallurgy principles that need to be understood by the metallographer. The discussion focuses on the variations in microstructures that are generated as a result of the phase transformations that occur during both heat treatment (as in steels) and solidification (as in cast irons). The chapter describes how the development of the iron-carbon phase diagram, coupled with the understanding of the kinetics of phase transformations through the use of isothermal transformation diagram, were breakthroughs in the advancement of ferrous physical metallurgy. Several examples of the morphological features of microstructural constituents in steels are also presented.

Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its application to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming and consolidation by atmospheric pressure, and includes a section on powder-based disk components, where it discusses the general advantages of P/M as well as the effects of inclusions, carbon contamination, and the formation of oxide and carbide films due to prior particle boundary conditions. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on mechanically alloyed superalloy compositions, the product forms into which they are made, and some of the applications where they are used.

This appendix lists the weights of various grades of titanium in their original product form. It provides data on commercially pure and alloyed titanium in forms such as flat and rectangular bar, rounds and squares, billet, plate, sheet, pipe, and tube. It also includes conversion tables.

This chapter presents two case studies; one demonstrating the use of finite-element analysis (FEA) in the design of a progressive die forming operation, the other explaining how software simulations helped engineers reduce thinning and eliminate cracking and deformation observed in clutch hubs formed using a three-step transfer die process. It also discusses the role of FEA and commercial software in the design of progressive dies.

This article examines the composition and properties of magnesium and its alloys. It discusses alloy and temper designations, applications and product forms, and commercial alloy systems, and explains how alloying elements affect physical and mechanical properties, processing characteristics, and corrosion behaviors.

This chapter describes the applications with the greatest impact on titanium consumption and global market trends. It explains where, how, and why titanium alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, medical, and military applications as well as power generating equipment, sporting goods, oil and gas production, and marine vessels.

The case for using stainless steel in appliances of all types, whether they are commercial or residential, relates to it being able to provide the best value over the intended service life. This chapter describes some of the qualities in any material considered for food contact, namely chemical neutrality, biological neutrality, and cleanliness. A vast majority of stainless steel applications in commercial and residential equipment are also discussed.

Beryllium is the 44th most abundant element on Earth, with an estimated concentration of six parts per million in the Earth’s crust. It is found in various forms in more than 100 minerals, two of which, beryl and bertrandite, account for most of the beryllium produced throughout the world. This chapter describes where and how beryllium is obtained and provides facts, figures, and insights on global supply and demand.