Fig. 12.17 Illustration of closed-die forging with a rotary forging machine. 1, rotating upper platen; 2, workpiece; 3, lower die; 4, ejector More

Fig. 14.15 Schematic of a simple closed-die forging and forging stress distribution [ Subramanian et al., 1980 ] More

Fig. 6.12 Typical deformation sequence in closed-die forging of a rib-web part, showing how laps can be generated if preform geometry is selected improperly More

Fig. 11.54 Cross sections of parts produced by closed die forging. Fiber orientation is clearly visible. The fibers are not cut, indicating a good forging design. For improved visualization of the fibers after etching with hot hydrochloric acid, the visibility of the fibers is enhanced either More

Fig. 12 Closed-die forging with flash. (a) Schematic diagram with flash terminology. (b) Forging sequence in closed-die forging of connecting rods. Source: Ref 9 Definition In this process, a billet is formed (hot) in dies (usually with two halves) such that the flow of metal from More

Fig. 13 Closed-die forging without flash. Source: Ref 9 Definition In this process, a billet with carefully controlled volume is deformed (hot or cold) by a punch in order to fill a die cavity without any loss of material. The punch and the die may be made of one or several pieces More

Fig. 14 Typical multiple-impression hammer dies for closed-die forging. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 15 Metal flow and load-stroke curve in closed-die forging. (a) Upsetting. (b) Filling. (c) End. (d) Load-stroke curve. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 16.10 Open- and closed-die forging More

Fig. 2.2 Closed-die forging with flash. (a) Schematic diagram with flash terminology. (b) Forging sequence in closed-die forging of connecting rods More

Fig. 2.3 Closed-die forging without flash More

Fig. 6.3 Load-versus-displacement curves obtained in closed-die forging of an axisymmetric steel part (dimensions in inches) at 2012 °F (1100 °C) in three different machines with different initial velocities, V p,i . [ Altan et al., 1973 ] More

Fig. 10.3 Load versus displacement curves obtained in closed-die forging an axisymmetric steel part at 2012 °F (1100 °C) in three different machines with different initial velocities (V pi ). [ Altan et al., 1973 ] More

Fig. 14.9 Typical load-stroke curve for closed-die forging [ Altan et al., 1983 ] More

Fig. 15.1 Interaction of significant variables in closed-die forging process [ Nagpal et al., 1975 ] More

Fig. 16.1 Flow chart of modeling of closed-die forging [ Shen et al., 2001 ] More

Fig. 6.3 Closed-die forged Waspaloy nickel-base superalloy forging produced from “pancake” in Fig. 6.2 More

Fig. 11.55 Part of the longitudinal cross section of a tractor roll, closed die forged. The presence of fibers with narrow spacing indicates that the material used for the forging operation was a rolled or forged bar. The curves in the fibers indicate that the part was produced by closed die More

Fig. 1 Flow lines in closed die forged UNS G41400 steering knuckle revealed by cold deep acid etching with 10% aqueous HNO 3 (0.5×) and enhanced with inking. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 2.10 Types of aluminum closed-die forgings and tolerances for each. (a) Blocker type. (b) Conventional. (c) High definition. (d) Precision. Source: Ref 2.12 Characteristic Tolerance, mm (in.) Blocker-type Conventional High-definition Precision Die closure +2.3, –1.5 More