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climate change
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter addresses the implications for increased aluminum usage on major issues such as climate change and solid waste management. The chapter also considers three approaches for decarbonizing aluminum-product production. aluminum alloys aluminum recycling climate change...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... of climate change. Summary The main ore for aluminum, bauxite , is mined in tropical or semitropical regions of the world such as Australia, China, Brazil, Guinea, and India. The ore is a mixture of iron, silicon, and aluminum oxides. The refining, or Bayer , process uses NaOH, temperature...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which in turn translates into climate changes and extreme weather events. It is therefore necessary to develop renewable energy sources and also to increase the thermal efficiency of fossil fuels. Thermal spray technology has the potential to contribute to energy...
Abstract
This article summarizes the results of work completed by the ASM Thermal Spray Society Advisory Committee to identify key research challenges and opportunities in the thermal spray field. It describes and prioritizes research priorities related to emerging process methods, thermal spray markets and applications, and process robustness, reliability, and economics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., and climatic values ( Ref 1 – 13 ). Atmospheric corrosion is distinguished from the corrosion of metals exposed to high temperatures in an absence of moisture on the metal surface (dry or gaseous corrosion), which does not correspond to the terrestrial atmospheric humidity and temperature. The mechanism...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... States petroleum consumption for the transportation sector from 1995–2035, million barrels per day equivalent. Source: Ref 1.3 Increasing consumption of petroleum results in increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and adversely contributes to global climate change. Figure 1.5 shows the carbon...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the major drivers for automakers and the solutions to address these industry drivers and meet their business goals. It discusses the importance of steel in the industry and briefly describes the development and significance of advanced high-strength steels for the industry.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... for steels now taken by plastics, composites and ceramics. This change has been brought about by economic factors, environmental factors (e.g., lighter weight automobiles for better gas mileage and less air pollution), and (at least certainly in the United States) by international competition. These three...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... ( Ref 1.4 ). Fig. 1.4 U.S. petroleum consumption for the transportation sector from 1995 to 2035. Source: Ref 1.4 Increasing consumption of petroleum results in increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, and this adversely contributes to global climate change. Figure 1.5 shows...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... environment Condensed water alternating climate test Water vapor + SO 2 , temperature change As in condensed water climate test, with polluted gas Salt spray tests Salt spray test NaCl solution Ocean climate Acetic acid salt spray test NaCl + CH 3 COOH Salted roads Copper-accelerated...
Abstract
Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing the purposes of corrosion tests, the logical steps in a test program, and the preparation and cleaning of test specimens. The focus then moves on to discuss the types and applications of these test categories and the associated evaluation procedures. Excluding electrochemical tests which are addressed separately in this chapter, the other laboratory tests covered under this category are simulated atmosphere tests, salt-spray tests, and immersion tests. Only corrosion testing in the atmosphere is discussed in the section on field tests. Corrosion monitoring techniques are finally considered, covering the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... the aluminum industry in the era of global climate change. The chapters focusing on application and products include: 9. Product, Alloy, and Temper Selection 10. Customer Manufacturing Processes 11. Aluminum in Aircraft and Space Applications 12. Aluminum in Light Vehicles 13...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... to minimize the impact of their vehicles and operations on climate change and the environment. Ford Motor Company, for example, has improved the fuel economy of their U.S. vehicles since 2006 by 16.8% and is set to reduce its facility CO 2 emissions by 30% per vehicle by 2025 compared to a 2010 baseline...
Abstract
Improvement in processing, material substitution, light weighting, and recycling have contributed immensely to the cause of sustainability in the materials cycle. This chapter discusses some of the key indicators of sustainability that have direct relevance to advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in a vehicle. The discussion covers the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, production routes for manufacturing crude steel, and an optimized index guideline for selecting the best material. Details on the benefits of AHSS on the life cycle of vehicles are provided. The chapter also provides information on recycling and the economics of AHSS.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... of application experience involved in its construction, the domed top of the Chrysler building still shines undiminished by the harsh coastal and urban climate ( Fig. 1 ). With today’s technology, one can choose from a variety of stainless alloys with sufficient corrosion resistance to withstand any environment...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the technology of stainless steel as it pertains to its proper use in architecture, art, and construction. It begins with an overview of the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, providing guidelines for balancing corrosion resistance, processing characteristics, and economy. This is followed by sections describing the influence of surface finish on corrosion resistance of stainless steel and reviewing some of the factors pertinent to balancing service environment, design requirements, and maintenance considerations. The chapter then discusses the various factors pertinent to important considerations in buildings, namely surface finish aesthetics, flatness, maintenance, repair, fabrication, and service considerations. It ends with a section providing information on concrete reinforcing bar.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... in the overall load-carrying capacity (assuming no change in temperature that would change viscosity). (f) At constant speed, surface equilibrium temperature increases as load increases, lowering the scuffing load limit of the reaction film. NOTE: Surface equilibrium temperature is attained when the heat...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... unit yield strength. Automotive companies have adopted strategies to minimize the impact of their vehicles and operations on climate change and the environment. Ford Motor Company, for example, has improved the fuel economy of their U.S. vehicles by 16.8% since 2006 and is set to reduce facility CO...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...-beta titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V Status Quo on Alloy Development The wave of mergers and acquisitions at the end of the 1990s signaled a sea of change in the business climate. New alloys are no longer coming from the producers with much regularity. Virtually all the more recently applied...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... (typically 35 to 38%), making power generation very expensive. Additionally, they are one of the largest sources of air pollution. Emissions such as CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , and dust particles due to burning of fossil fuels are some of the largest contributors to global climate change. Studies reveal...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., and other parameters needed in building design. The mechanical properties will change with profile thickness, whether a bar or complex shape, and the data is typically provided in ranges; Table 16.2 shows an example for 6063 extrusions in three different tempers. Example of aluminum standards and data...
Abstract
Aluminum alloy products offer architectural and building solutions that exploit the benefits inherent in this metal: light weight, excellent durability, low maintenance, and thermal management opportunities. This chapter discusses the major applications for aluminum building products and related competitive materials. The commonly used alloys and tempers and their performance benefits are outlined for extruded profiles, rolled sheet and foil, and die cast products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... industry to help conserve nickel by specifying alloys such as 430, 439, and 201 as their standard alloys as well as by specifying nonabrasive finishes. This can be done with no loss of functionality or change of appearance and could save 23% to 50% in material cost. Applications Cookware Any...
Abstract
The case for using stainless steel in appliances of all types, whether they are commercial or residential, relates to it being able to provide the best value over the intended service life. This chapter describes some of the qualities in any material considered for food contact, namely chemical neutrality, biological neutrality, and cleanliness. A vast majority of stainless steel applications in commercial and residential equipment are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... to new technology Market fluctuations Increase in productivity Analysis of competition Labor pool availability Environmental regulations Political climate changes 3.6.3 Site Selection The availability of raw materials of the specified quality and quantity and the proximity...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... steady but hardly revolutionary. The business climate of the late 20th century led to the vindication of the last prediction mentioned above, the superalloy manufacturing business has undergone a revolutionary change with the agglomeration of activities in large business entities. For example, Special...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400337
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... all been certified for use in eco-cars. Leading automobile manufacturers around the world are researching and developing eco-cars because of climate change and rising oil prices. Conventional transmissions, such as conventional manual or dual-clutch transmissions, can be used in hybrid automobiles...
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