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clamping
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... discontinuous or continuous fibers. The sample preparation methods cover documentation and labeling of samples, sectioning the composite, clamp-mounting composite samples, mounting composite samples in casting resins, and the addition of contrast dyes to casting resins. Information on the molds used...
Abstract
Specimen preparation is the first step that determines the quality of the microstructural information that can be obtained using optical microscopy. This chapter describes the sample preparation methods that are applicable to most types of composite materials containing short discontinuous or continuous fibers. The sample preparation methods cover documentation and labeling of samples, sectioning the composite, clamp-mounting composite samples, mounting composite samples in casting resins, and the addition of contrast dyes to casting resins. Information on the molds used for mounting composite materials is provided. The steps recommended to achieve a good mounted specimen without voids or specimen pull-out are also described. The chapter discusses the processes for clamping mounted composite samples in automated polishing heads and mounting composite materials for hand polishing. A summary of the mounting technique is also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... from torque applied to a bolted assembly. Source: Ref 9 Fig. 8 Installation of fastener with breakaway nut to control clamp-up. Source: Ref 10 Fig. 1 Fatigue strength of carbon steel structural joints. Source: Ref 1 Fig. 2 Axial fatigue strength at 10 7 cycles...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fatigue behavior of bolted, riveted, and welded joints. It describes the relative strength of machined and rolled threads and the effect of thread design, preload, and clamping force on the fatigue strength of bolts made from different steels. It explains where fatigue failures are likely to occur in cold-driven rivet and friction joints, and why the fatigue strength of welded joints can be much lower than that of the parent metal, depending on weld shape, joint geometry, discontinuities, and residual stresses. The chapter also explains how to improve the fatigue life of welded joints and discusses the factors that can reduce the fracture toughness of weld metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... elastoviscoplastic behavior, whereas nonmetal fibers are significantly less dense and deform only elastically, fracturing with nil ductility. The fiber/matrix chemical bonding may be classed as S, W, or N (strong, weak, or no chemical bond). In the latter case, mechanical clamping forces substitute for bonding...
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites have carved out a niche in applications requiring high strength to weight ratios, but they are susceptible to failure when exposed to high temperatures and cyclic loads. This chapter discusses the obstacles that must be overcome to improve the creep-fatigue behavior of these otherwise promising materials. It addresses six areas that have been the focus of intense research, including thermal-expansion and elastic-viscoplastic mismatch, thermally induced biaxiality and interply stresses, creep and cyclic relaxation of residual stresses, and enhanced interfaces for oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... the faying surfaces, forming a weld. The electrodes clamp the sheets under pressure to provide good electrical contact and to contain the molten metal in the joint. The joint surfaces must be clean to obtain consistent electrical contact resistance to obtain uniform weld size and soundness. The main...
Abstract
Resistance welding is a group of processes in which the heat for welding is generated by the resistance to the flow of an electrical current through the parts being joined. This chapter discusses the processes, advantages, and limitations of specific resistance welding processes, namely resistance spot welding, resistance seam welding, projection welding, flash welding, and upset welding.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
.... The guillotine (located at the end of the aerial refueling system) surrounds the hose. Its purpose is to cut, clamp, and release the hose if the tanker aircraft pilot so commands. The reason is that if the hose fails to rewind, the guillotine mechanism allows the tanker aircraft to land without a fuel-laden hose...
Abstract
After the failure analysis team hypothesizes failure causes, prepares a failure mode assessment and assignment, and evaluates all potential failure causes, it may find in some cases that several causes are still suspect but cannot be confirmed. In this situation, an experiment is necessary to confirm or rule out suspected causes. This chapter discusses two predominant methods for doing this, namely analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Taguchi methods (a more powerful technique based on ANOVA).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
...-trimming operation, shown in Fig. 11.1 , is conducted with a high-speed air motor at 20,000 rpm using either a carbide router bit or, less commonly, a diamond-impregnated cutoff wheel. Fiberglass laminate trim templates are often clamped to the part to ensure that the true trim path is followed...
Abstract
This chapter covers basic machining and assembly operations, with an emphasis on hole preparation for mechanical fasteners. It describes manual, power feed, and automated drilling techniques as well as reaming and countersinking. It discusses various types of fasteners, including rivets, pins, and bolts, along with selection factors and special considerations for composite joints. It also includes information on interference-fit and blind fasteners as well as trimming operations, general assembly considerations, and sealing and painting procedures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... the pressure in the cylinder for a long time. When clamping a workpiece (i.e., in hydroforming applications or during quenching in hot stamping processes), the pump is not required to generate pressure. Possible leakages can be compensated by the accumulator ( Ref 12.5 ). 12.2 Drive Systems...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and operation of hydraulic presses. It begins by describing the role of each major component in a hydraulic system. It then explains the difference between pump-driven and accumulator-driven presses and the types of applications for which are suited. The chapter goes on to describe the load, energy, and time-dependent characteristics of hydraulic presses and the factors that determine accuracy. It also explains how hydraulic presses are used for deep drawing, fine blanking, and hydroforming as well as warm forming and hot stamping operations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
..., buckling and wrinkling may occur at the intrados, and high thinning and flattening may occur at the extrados. The tendency for buckling to occur is more severe for thin-walled tubing and smaller bend radii. Most of the surface defects are caused by markings left by the clamping dies or insufficient...
Abstract
Tube hydroforming is a material-forming process that uses pressurized fluid to plastically deform tubular materials into desired shapes. It is widely used in the automotive industry for making exhaust manifolds, catalytic converters, shock absorber housings, and other parts. This chapter discusses the basic methods of tube hydroforming and the underlying process mechanics. It explains how to determine if a material is a viable candidate and whether it can withstand preforming or bending operations. It describes critical process parameters, such as interface pressure, surface expansion and contraction, and sliding velocity, and how they influence friction, lubrication, and wear. The chapter also provides information on forming presses and tooling, tube hydropiercing, and the use of finite elements to determine optimal processing conditions and loading paths.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... is indicated by the presence of bubbles. Edge delaminations are somewhat easier to fill and do not normally require vent holes. In addition, after filling an edge delamination, C-clamps can be applied to provide pressure to spread the adhesive and push the plies back together. Fig. 19.2 Filling...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
...-changing systems to reduce downtime when starting to form a new part. A typical die-changing operation may include the following steps: (1) unclamping and (2) moving out the old die, (3) moving in and (4) centering the new die with respect to the press bed, (5) clamping the new die, and (6) setting...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and application of sheet forming presses. The discussion covers critical variables and design parameters, key components, basic machine configurations, and energy and load requirements. The chapter also discusses time-dependent characteristics, dimensional accuracy, and stiffness as well as die change procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
..., and friction. Torque, Angle, Tension, and Friction A proper amount of tension, or clamping force, must be developed to ensure that a bolted assembly will function in a safe and reliable manner. The most common attempt to indirectly estimate fastener tension is to take torque measurements either...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on tensile testing of three types of engineering components that undergo significant loading in tension, namely, threaded fasteners and bolted joints; adhesive joints; and welded joints. It describes the standardized tensile test for externally threaded fasteners and provides a brief background on relationships among torque, angle-of-turn, tension, and friction. The chapter also describes the test methods covered in the ASTM F 606M standard, namely, product hardness; proof load by length measurement, yield strength, or uniform hardness; axial tension testing of full-sized products; wedge tension testing of full-sized products; tension testing of machined test specimens; and total extension at fracture testing. Finally, the chapter covers tensile testing of adhesive and welded joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... with a head on one end and a smooth shank, is inserted through aligned holes in the parts to be joined. The shank end is upset (a head is formed) from force against a die to lock it in place and clamp the parts together. During rivet installation, several physical changes take place: (1) the rivet diameter...
Abstract
This chapter presents a comprehensive coverage of mechanical fastening methods. It begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical fastening followed by sections providing information on mechanically fastened joints and the selection of the correct fastener system. The chapter then describes important structural fasteners, namely bolts, screws, pins, collar fasteners, rivets, blind fasteners, machine pins, and spring clip fasteners. The following sections describe the process involved in presses, shrink fits, hole generation, and fastener installation. The chapter ends with information on miscellaneous mechanical fastening methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... of the solid part. As depicted in Fig. 6 , the main components of the machine are the hopper, heated extruder barrel, reciprocating screw, nozzle, and mold clamp. The hopper feeds the unmelted thermoplastic, usually in pellet form, into the barrel. The hopper is often equipped with a desiccant-type drying...
Abstract
Plastic gears are continuing to displace metal gears in applications ranging from automotive components to office automation equipment. This chapter discusses the characteristics, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of plastics for gear applications. It provides a comparison between the properties of metals and plastics for designing gears. The chapter reviews some of the commonly used plastic materials for gear applications including thermoplastic and thermoset gear materials. The chapter also describes the processes involved in plastic gear manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... in a shear burr along the outer edges of the specimen. The punched specimens can be mounted in a clamp or mounting compound, and the burr can be removed by grinding. It is important to keep the punch dies as sharp as possible in order to minimize the burr. Band Saw A band saw uses a continuously...
Abstract
This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... a wider variety of workpieces than can the stationary types. The tester attaches to the workpiece as would a C-clamp with the anvil on one side of the workpiece and the indenter on the other. For very large parts, an encircling chain is used to hold the tester in place as pressure is applied. Fig. 4...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... typically be conducted using a rotating cut-off wheel in which the impregnated specimen is first clamped firmly in the machine grips. As there is a substantial force exerted by the cut-off blade through the specimen, rigid clamping on the coating sample is necessary to avoid sample walking and coating...
Abstract
This article presents best practices for the metallographic preparation of specimens produced via thermal spray coating methods. It outlines typical metallographic preparation process flow, highlighting important considerations for obtaining a clear and representative specimen suitable for characterization via examination techniques, such as optical or electron microscopy. The process flow includes preliminary resin infiltration, sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing. To aid in the identification and resolution of common issues during subsequent specimen analysis, the article presents common issues, along with causes and mitigation strategies. It describes the processes involved in the interpretation of the thermal spray coating microstructure.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... in the following stages: Pressure pad around the punch clamps the material (prevents upward extrusion of metal around punch) Punch draws metal into the die and upsets the material against an anvil Moving blades allow metal to flow outward during upsetting Expanding diameter forms a circular lock...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of inexpensive molds and low-force clamping systems. Typical tooling materials are steel, cast aluminum, electroformed nickel, and composites. Cycle times as short as two minutes for large automotive bumpers have been reported. Since isocyanate vapors are harmful, RIM work cells must be provided with exhaust...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... Spinning Figure 12.2 shows the components of a spinning machine as well as a typical process sequence. A blank (1) is clamped between the tail stock (2) and a mandrel (3). The mandrel must be manufactured to have the shape of the desired part and rotates with the main spindle. The forming tool...
Abstract
Sheet metal spinning is a forming technique that produces axially symmetric hollow bodies with nearly any contour. It is often used in combination with flow forming and shear spinning to manufacture a wide range of complex parts. This chapter describes the operating principles, stress states, and failure modes of each process along with typical applications and tooling requirements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
..., the clamping stresses may relax to the point where it is not held securely. There are several such specimen-machine interactions, but appropriate practical measures alleviate their consequences, and serious malfunctions generally can be avoided. In contrast, possibilities of misinterpretation of the results...
Abstract
The testing of plastics includes a wide variety of chemical, thermal, and mechanical tests. This chapter reviews the tensile testing of plastics, which has been standardized in ASTM D 638, "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics," and other comparable standards. It describes the fundamental factors that affect data from tensile tests, examines the stipulations in standardized tensile testing, and discusses the utilization of data from tensile tests.