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chromium oxide
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.27 Formation of external sulfides on top of the chromium oxide scale and the formation of internal sulfides. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram illustrating oxide scale development on nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys with time. (a) Conversion of a thin alloy surface layer to oxide by rapid uptake of oxygen. The oxide phases formed are determined by the composition of the alloy. (b) Diffusion within the alloy
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in Atlas of Microstructures
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 41 Chromium line scan of oxide scale on PM 409L, showing alternate bands of iron oxide and spinel. Anchoring of the scale is also seen at a surface pore. Good bonding between the scale formed and the PM stainless steel leads to minimal loss of mass thickness in cyclic oxidation test
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 13 Variation of parabolic oxidation rate with chromium level and temperature. Source: Ref 18
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2001
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Published: 01 December 2001
Fig. 32 Effect of chromium and/or silicon on the oxidation resistance of steels in air. Source: Ref 13
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 3.8 Effects of chromium and/or silicon on the oxidation resistance of steels in air. Source: Ref 16
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 3.10 Effect of chromium content on oxidation of Fe-Cr alloys at 1000 °C (1830 °F) in 0.13 atm O 2 . Source: Ref 18
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 8.19 Effect of chromium in Fe-Cr alloys on the oxidation resistance of the alloys at 850 °C (1560 °F) in air. Source: Ref 31
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Published: 01 June 2010
Fig. 20 Effect of chromium on corrosion and oxidation resistance of steel. (a) Iron-chromium alloys exposed for 10 years to corrosion and rusting in an industrial atmosphere. (b) Oxidation penetration of ½ inch cubes exposed to air for 48 hours at 1000 °C. Source: Zapffe, 1949 , p 31, 32
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in Sources of Failures in Carburized and Carbonitrided Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
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Published: 01 November 2007
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in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations[1]
> Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 24 Effects of chromium and/or silicon on the oxidation rate of steels in air versus temperature. Source: Ref 135
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Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 20-20 The effect of chromium on oxidation resistance at 1832 °F (1000 °C) (48 h exposure, 0.5-in. cubes)
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Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 22-9 Effect of varying nickel and chromium on the cyclic oxidation resistance of cast heat resistant alloys. The “service temperature” is defined as the temperature which results in an oxidation rate of 1 mm per year. Data are based on 500 hour tests at 1050 and 1150 °C (1922 and 2102 °F
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 13.9 Micrographs showing the formation of sulfide and nitride phases beneath the external oxide scales on nickel (top) and chromium (bottom) metals. Nickel exposed in flowing SO 2 for 8 h at 1000 °C (1832 °F). Chromium oxidized in air for 17 h at 1200 °C (2092 °F)
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Published: 01 July 2000
Fig. 5.19 Potentiostatic polarization curve for pure chromium in hydrogen-saturated (deaerated) 1 N H 2 SO 4 at 25 °C. Dashed section is a cathodic “peak” where the hydrogen-ion reduction dominates over the passive chromium oxidation. Redrawn from Ref 9
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
...–1829) discovered chromium oxide in an ore of “red lead” from Siberia. The following year, he isolated the new metal, chromium, by the heating of chromium oxide and charcoal. He called the metal chrome for the Greek word chromos , meaning color, after observing that most of the compounds of chromium...
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the early discoveries of the key ingredients of and alloys of stainless steel that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries and the advancement that happened in the early part of the 20th century. The key ingredient and alloys covered include iron-chromium alloys, acid- and weather-resistant alloy, ferrochromium, martensitic stainless steel, chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, and ferritic chromium stainless steel. Information on the early discoverers and pioneers of stainless steel is also provided.
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