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chemical composition
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
...Abstract Abstract The overall chemical composition of metals and alloys is most commonly determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). High-temperature combustion and inert gas fusion methods are typically used to analyze dissolved gases (oxygen, nitrogen...
Abstract
The overall chemical composition of metals and alloys is most commonly determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). High-temperature combustion and inert gas fusion methods are typically used to analyze dissolved gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen) and, in some cases, carbon and sulfur in metals. This chapter discusses the operating principles of XRF, OES, combustion and inert gas fusion analysis, surface analysis, and scanning auger microprobe analysis. The details of equipment set-up used for chemical composition analysis as well as the capabilities of related techniques of these methods are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
...Abstract Abstract This appendix is a collection of tables listing the chemical compositions of wrought ferritic steels; wrought stainless steels; cast corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys; wrought iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys; cast nickel- and cobalt-base alloys; oxide-dispersion...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing the chemical compositions of wrought ferritic steels; wrought stainless steels; cast corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys; wrought iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys; cast nickel- and cobalt-base alloys; oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys; and iron-, nickel- and cobalt-base filler metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed...
Abstract
This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed by a section providing information on the practice of stress relieving. Next, the chapter details various ways of eliminating slag entrainment while designing gating and venting systems. Several factors related to the establishment of the optimum pouring rate and time are then covered. Further, the chapter discusses the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... and feeder design are then provided. Further, the chapter addresses the technology of ductile iron castings, including the performance and geometric attributes, molding and core-making processes used, material grades, mechanical properties, and chemical compositions of a few applications. Finally...
Abstract
Ductile iron has far superior mechanical properties compared to gray iron as well as significantly improved castability and attractive cost savings compared to cast steel. This chapter begins with information on graphite morphology and matrix type. It then discusses the advantages and applications of ductile iron. Next, the effects of various factors on the grades, chemistry, matrix, and mechanical properties of ductile iron are covered. This is followed by a section detailing the ductile iron treatment methods and the quality control methods used. Guidelines for gating and feeder design are then provided. Further, the chapter addresses the technology of ductile iron castings, including the performance and geometric attributes, molding and core-making processes used, material grades, mechanical properties, and chemical compositions of a few applications. Finally, it describes ductile iron casting defects and presents practical cases of problem-solving.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... 1.34 1.43 3.6 (91.4) 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.12 1.19 1.26 1.32 1.40 3.7 (94.0) 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.10 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.37 3.8 (96.5) 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.34 Equations by Just relating DH to chemical composition, austenite grain size...
Abstract
The crux of this chapter is to develop a method to quantitatively define hardenability. The chapter includes the empirical methods to estimate the hardenability knowing the chemical composition, describes prior austenite grain size, and examines their utility. It then reviews the Jominy end-quench test and explains its relation to hardenability. The chapter outlines the concepts of the critical diameter and the ideal critical diameter, leading to establishing a quantitative measure of hardenability. Next, it examines methods that have been developed which allow estimation of the ideal critical diameter from the chemical composition and the austenite grain size. The chapter reviews the methods which allow calculation of the Jominy curve from a value of the ideal critical diameter. Additionally, it describes the selection and application of H-band steels. Finally, the chapter describes the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... This chapter describes the composition, properties, heat treatment, and use of wrought and alloyed tool steels, high-speed steels, and their counterparts made by powder metallurgy. It includes information on the chemical composition and application range of many commercial tool steels and explains how...
Abstract
Tool steels are a special class of alloys designed for tool and die applications. High-speed steels are a subset of tool steels designed to operate at high speeds. This chapter describes the composition, properties, heat treatment, and use of wrought and alloyed tool steels, high-speed steels, and their counterparts made by powder metallurgy. It includes information on the chemical composition and application range of many commercial tool steels and explains how to apply coatings that reduce friction, thermal conductivity, and wear.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... steels A High-carbon and high-chromium die steels D Tool steel for application in plastic molds P Cr-, Mo-, or W-alloyed hot work tool steels H Tungsten-alloyed high-speed steels T Molybdenum-alloyed high-speed steels M Adopted from Ref 1 Typical chemical composition...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the failure aspects of tool steels. The discussion covers the classification, chemical composition, main characteristics, and several failures of tool steels and their relation to heat treatment. The tool steels covered are hot work, cold work, plastic mold, and high-speed tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...Abstract Abstract Steels contain a wide range of elements, including alloys as well as residual processing impurities. This chapter describes the chemical composition of low-alloy AISI steels, which are classified based on the amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and nickel they contain...
Abstract
Steels contain a wide range of elements, including alloys as well as residual processing impurities. This chapter describes the chemical composition of low-alloy AISI steels, which are classified based on the amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and nickel they contain. It explains why manganese is sometimes added to steel and how unintended consequences, such as the development of sulfide stringers, can offset the benefits. It also examines the effect of alloying elements on the iron-carbon phase diagram, particularly their effect on transformation temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...Abstract Abstract This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of commercially pure and modified titanium. The datasheets address four grades of unalloyed titanium (ASTM Grade 1, UNS...
Abstract
This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of commercially pure and modified titanium. The datasheets address four grades of unalloyed titanium (ASTM Grade 1, UNS R50250; ASTM Grade 2, UNS R50400; ASTM Grade 3, UNS R50550; and ASTM Grade 4, UNS R50700), two grades of modified titanium (ASTM Grade 7, UNS R52400; and ASTM Grade 11, UNS R52250), and alloy Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (ASTM Grade 12, UNS R53400).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...Abstract Abstract This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-3Al-2.5V (ASTM Grade 9, UNS...
Abstract
This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-3Al-2.5V (ASTM Grade 9, UNS R56320), Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (UNS R54520/R54521), Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo (UNS R56210), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si (UNS R54620), Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V (UNS R54810), and Ti-6Al-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si (Ti-1100).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...Abstract Abstract This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of various grades of alpha-beta titanium. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (UNS...
Abstract
This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of various grades of alpha-beta titanium. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (UNS: R58650, Ti-17); Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (UNS R56260, Ti-6246); Ti-6Al-4V (UNS R56400) and Ti-6Al-4V ELI (UNS R56401); Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (UNS R56620, Ti-662); Ti-7Al-4Mo (UNS R56740); Ti-6Al-1.7Fe-0.1Si (TiMetal 62S); Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700); Ti-6Al-7Nb (IMI 367); Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si (IMI 550); Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si (IMI 551); Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si (Ti-6-22-22S); Ti-5Al-2.5Fe (DIN 3.7110, Tikrutan LT 35); and Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si (UNS R54560, Ti-5522-S).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...Abstract Abstract This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of beta and near-beta titanium alloys. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (UNS R58030...
Abstract
This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of beta and near-beta titanium alloys. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (UNS R58030, Beta III); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (UNS R58640, Beta C and 38-6-44); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-10-2-3); Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (UNS R58010, Ti-13-11-3); Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn (Ti-15-3); Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.25Si (UNS R58210, TiMetal 21S and Beta 21S); Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe (Beta CEZ); Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-8823); Ti-15Mo-5Zr; Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al; Ti-11.5V-2Al-2Sn-11Zr (T129); Ti-12V-2.5Al-2Sn-6Zr (T134); Ti-13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr (T175); Ti-8V-5Fe-1Al; and Ti-16V-2.5Al.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
...Abstract Abstract This appendix provides information on the chemical composition, method of use, and applications of various etchants used in the metallography of carbon steels. chemical composition etchants etching Etchants are identified by an abbreviated form of their chemical...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the various phases that form in tool steels, starting from the base of the Fe-C system to the effects of the major alloying elements. The emphasis is on the phases themselves: their chemical compositions, crystal structures, and properties. The chapter...
Abstract
This chapter describes the various phases that form in tool steels, starting from the base of the Fe-C system to the effects of the major alloying elements. The emphasis is on the phases themselves: their chemical compositions, crystal structures, and properties. The chapter also provides general considerations of phases and phase diagrams and the determination of equilibrium phase diagrams. It describes the formation of martensite, characteristics of alloy carbides, and the design of tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... of the tempered hardness from the chemical compositions, tempering temperature and tempering time. The chapter then describes the effect of tempering on the mechanical properties of plain carbon steels and the microstructure of plain carbon steels. It shows examples of the structure of plain carbon steels...
Abstract
This chapter first examines the tempering behavior of plain carbon steels and then that of alloy steels. Next, some correlations are examined which allow estimations of the tempered hardness from the chemical compositions, tempering temperature and tempering time. The chapter then describes the effect of tempering on the mechanical properties of plain carbon steels and the microstructure of plain carbon steels. It shows examples of the structure of plain carbon steels. Additionally, the chapter explains the stages and kinetics of tempering in alloy steels and plain carbon steels. It also describes some methods of estimating the hardness. Finally, the chapter discusses the important problem of temper embrittlement.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...Abstract Abstract This appendix contains tables listing the chemical compositions of standard carbon H-steels and standard carbon boron H-steels and the hardenability characteristics of alloys. This appendix is a reprint of tables giving compositions of standard carbon H-steels...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...Abstract Abstract This appendix contains tables listing the chemical compositions of standard alloy steels. This appendix is a reprint of tables giving compositions of standard alloy steels and standard boron (alloy) steels. Reproduced from Metal Progress Databook , American Society...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560416
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...Abstract Abstract This appendix lists the chemical compositions of standard alloy H-steels and standard boron (alloy) H-steels. This appendix is a reprint of tables giving compositions of standard alloy H-steels and standard boron (alloy) H-steels. Reproduced from Metal Progress Databook...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200274
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the definitions, designation, chemical composition, room-temperature properties, elevated-temperature properties, and corrosion resistance of cast high alloy steels and stainless steels. In addition, the corrosion resistance of cast corrosion-resistant...
Abstract
This chapter describes the definitions, designation, chemical composition, room-temperature properties, elevated-temperature properties, and corrosion resistance of cast high alloy steels and stainless steels. In addition, the corrosion resistance of cast corrosion-resistant alloys is also covered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... according to chemical composition Designation according to atlas ( Fig. 4.4 – 4.11 ) Shape Color Birefringence/color Al 2 Cu θ Cu Rounded particles Cream, pink Strong: orange→green-blue (blue→pink, Fig. 4.3 ) Mg 2 Si β MgSi Branched Chinese script Blue-gray Not observed Al 7 Cu 2...
Abstract
Intermetallic phase precipitates in aluminum alloys can often be identified without resorting to chemical analysis. Very often the determination can be made based on the shape, color, and refractive properties of the particular phase. This chapter explains how these visual attributes can be observed using metallographic techniques. It describes, and in many cases illustrates, the characteristic shapes, colors, and optical properties associated with aluminum alloy intermetallic phases and how they can be enhanced through selective etching. It provides an atlas of microstructures comparing the effects of selective etching procedures on various phase constituents in cast aluminum-silicon alloys. The compilation of images demonstrates the use of two types of reagents: those that reveal discontinuities in crystal orientation and grain boundaries, and those that reveal differences in chemical composition.