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casting resins
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... of mounting methods and when each is advantageous Sample clamping—no mold Cavity mold—casting resin Hand mount Automated polishing X X … Hand polishing … X X Fragile features … X … Length/volume of specimens X z … Multiple samples per mount X z z Quick preparation X...
Abstract
Specimen preparation is the first step that determines the quality of the microstructural information that can be obtained using optical microscopy. This chapter describes the sample preparation methods that are applicable to most types of composite materials containing short discontinuous or continuous fibers. The sample preparation methods cover documentation and labeling of samples, sectioning the composite, clamp-mounting composite samples, mounting composite samples in casting resins, and the addition of contrast dyes to casting resins. Information on the molds used for mounting composite materials is provided. The steps recommended to achieve a good mounted specimen without voids or specimen pull-out are also described. The chapter discusses the processes for clamping mounted composite samples in automated polishing heads and mounting composite materials for hand polishing. A summary of the mounting technique is also included.
Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 2.11 Composite material that was subjected to a laboratory-induced lightning strike. The section shown is 1 mm (0.04 in.) away from the center of the strike. This sample was first impregnated with Rhodamine-B-dyed epoxy casting resin and then, after sectioning, mounted with Coumarin 35
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Image
in Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 13.9 Micrograph of fillet separation from a composite facesheet in a honeycomb sandwich structure composite. The sample was mounted in Rhodamine-B-dyed epoxy casting resin. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Image
in Viewing the Specimen Using Reflected-Light Microscopy
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 5.12 Composite part that was impact damaged. The composite sample was impregnated with epoxy casting resin that was dyed with Rhodamine B to reveal the details of the microcracks. (a) Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 25× objective. (b) Epi-fluorescence, 390–440 nm excitation, 25
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 11.2 Cross section of an impact-damaged carbon fiber composite that was mounted with Rhodamine-B-dyed epoxy casting resin. The use of epi-bright-field illumination does not allow the dye to fluoresce, and therefore, the cracks are hard to distinguish. Bright-field montage, 5× objective
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Image
in Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 13.7 Micrograph of honeycomb core (cell wall) failure. Also shown is a small delaminated area in the carbon fiber plain weave composite near the edge of the fillet due to the stress on the core wall. The sample was mounted in Rhodamine-B-dyed epoxy casting resin. Slightly uncrossed
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in The Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 15.1 Photograph of a painted carbon-fiber-reinforced composite part surface after a zone 1A lab-induced lightning strike. Two cross sections were taken from this area after impregnation with a casting resin. The cross sections for microscopic analysis are labeled “A” and “B
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in The Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Fig. 15.1 Photograph of a painted carbon-fiber-reinforced composite part surface after a zone 1A lab-induced lightning strike. Two cross sections were taken from this area after impregnation with a casting resin. The cross sections for microscopic analysis are labeled “A” and “B...
Abstract
Lightning damage in polymer composites, as in metal structures, is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. In addition to visual damage assessment, non-destructive inspection techniques are employed to detect damage within the composite part. This chapter describes the macroeffects of a lightning strike on composites and discusses the methods involved in the assessment of microstructural damage in composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... of honeycomb core (cell wall) failure. Also shown is a small delaminated area in the carbon fiber plain weave composite near the edge of the fillet due to the stress on the core wall. The sample was mounted in Rhodamine-B-dyed epoxy casting resin. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 20× objective Fig...
Abstract
The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis of the intermingling of the film adhesive/prepreg resin system. It discusses the causes and effects of honeycomb core movement, which results in core crush. The chapter also explains the formation of a void in honeycomb composites and the failure mechanisms in honeycomb sandwich structure composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
...-dyed epoxy casting resin. The use of epi-bright-field illumination does not allow the dye to fluoresce, and therefore, the cracks are hard to distinguish. Bright-field montage, 5× objective Fig. 11.4 Impact damage of a carbon fiber composite material that has a toughened matrix. (a) Montage...
Abstract
As fiber-reinforced polymeric composites continue to be used in more damage-prone environments, it is necessary to understand the response of these materials when subjected to impact from foreign objects. This chapter provides an overview of the analysis methods for impact-damaged composites. It discusses the causes and effects of various failure mechanisms in composite materials. The failure mechanisms covered are brittle-matrix composite failure, tough-matrix composite failure, thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms, and dispersed-phase, rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... injection molding (SRIM), resin transfer molding (RTM), matched metal molding, filament winding, and pultrusion. Some of these processes are also used for noncomposite materials; casting is described separately in the section “ Casting ” in this article. Reaction Injection Molding Reaction injection...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
.... The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods. engineering plastics joining thermal properties AN ENGINEERING PLASTIC can be defined as a synthetic polymer capable...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
.... If mounting is necessary due to large-scale damage and fiber fracture, such as arising from impact loading, the composite may need to be mounted to preserve all of the damage features. In this case, a contrast dye should be added to the casting resin, as described in Chapter 2, “Sample Preparation...
Abstract
The formation of microcracks in composite materials may arise from static-, dynamic-, impact-, or fatigue-loading situations and also by temperature changes or thermal cycles. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the various methods for the microcrack analysis of composite materials, namely bright-field analysis, polarized-light analysis, contrast dyes analysis, and dark-field analysis. The analysis of microcracked composites using epi-fluorescence is also covered. In addition, the chapter describes the procedures for the determination and recording of microcracks in composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
.... Medium- to large-sized castings may need more rigid molds to withstand the weight of the metal poured and also the weight of the cores. Furan resin–based self-setting or air-setting systems that use a catalyst are good choices in such cases. The ability to mold-wash air-set molds with a refractory...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... steels, wrought; normalized, quenched and tempered 1296 188 400 58 Low-alloy carburizing steels; wrought, quenched and tempered 1227 178 427 62 Nickel-base superalloys 1186 172 276 40 Alloy steels, cast; quenched and tempered 1172 170 772 112 Stainless steels; cast 1138 165...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
.... The techniques have been used to prepare many types of steels and cast irons and are proven to be effective. Special “metallographic tips” are added to give the reader special instructions that may be helpful in difficult situations. Further details on technique can be found in the Selected References...
Abstract
This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... unreinforced resin. The addition of glass fibers also provides sufficient strength and dimensional stability to enable many reinforced thermoplastics to compete effectively with stamped sheet metal and die castings. Thermoplastic molding compounds usually include pigments, fillers, mold release agents...
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