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casting resins
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... discontinuous or continuous fibers. The sample preparation methods cover documentation and labeling of samples, sectioning the composite, clamp-mounting composite samples, mounting composite samples in casting resins, and the addition of contrast dyes to casting resins. Information on the molds used...
Abstract
Specimen preparation is the first step that determines the quality of the microstructural information that can be obtained using optical microscopy. This chapter describes the sample preparation methods that are applicable to most types of composite materials containing short discontinuous or continuous fibers. The sample preparation methods cover documentation and labeling of samples, sectioning the composite, clamp-mounting composite samples, mounting composite samples in casting resins, and the addition of contrast dyes to casting resins. Information on the molds used for mounting composite materials is provided. The steps recommended to achieve a good mounted specimen without voids or specimen pull-out are also described. The chapter discusses the processes for clamping mounted composite samples in automated polishing heads and mounting composite materials for hand polishing. A summary of the mounting technique is also included.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... for creating an artifact-free specimen is to first impregnate the strike area under vacuum using an epoxy casting resin, followed by the application of pressure during the cure. This encapsulated area will allow sectioning through the center of the strike and thus hold the fragile material in place, minimizing...
Abstract
Lightning damage in polymer composites, as in metal structures, is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. In addition to visual damage assessment, non-destructive inspection techniques are employed to detect damage within the composite part. This chapter describes the macroeffects of a lightning strike on composites and discusses the methods involved in the assessment of microstructural damage in composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... the sample is that the fragile fracture areas may be further damaged during sample preparation and may potentially cause artifacts. Details of the fracture may also be difficult to observe if the sample is not mounted. When mounting the sample using a casting resin, it is necessary to add a dye...
Abstract
As fiber-reinforced polymeric composites continue to be used in more damage-prone environments, it is necessary to understand the response of these materials when subjected to impact from foreign objects. This chapter provides an overview of the analysis methods for impact-damaged composites. It discusses the causes and effects of various failure mechanisms in composite materials. The failure mechanisms covered are brittle-matrix composite failure, tough-matrix composite failure, thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms, and dispersed-phase, rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... sandwich composites for analysis, the sample must be carefully sectioned and then impregnated with an epoxy casting resin. If the sample is not mounted, the subsequent grinding and polishing steps can cause damage to the honeycomb, and information will be lost. Most of these sections can be mounted without...
Abstract
The honeycomb sandwich structure composite is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry. Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This chapter describes the analysis of the intermingling of the film adhesive/prepreg resin system. It discusses the causes and effects of honeycomb core movement, which results in core crush. The chapter also explains the formation of a void in honeycomb composites and the failure mechanisms in honeycomb sandwich structure composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... impact loading, the composite may need to be mounted to preserve all of the damage features. In this case, a contrast dye should be added to the casting resin, as described in Chapter 2, “Sample Preparation and Mounting,” in this book. Most analysis of microcracks in composites can be performed...
Abstract
The formation of microcracks in composite materials may arise from static-, dynamic-, impact-, or fatigue-loading situations and also by temperature changes or thermal cycles. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the various methods for the microcrack analysis of composite materials, namely bright-field analysis, polarized-light analysis, contrast dyes analysis, and dark-field analysis. The analysis of microcracked composites using epi-fluorescence is also covered. In addition, the chapter describes the procedures for the determination and recording of microcracks in composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods. engineering plastics joining thermal properties AN ENGINEERING PLASTIC can be defined as a synthetic polymer...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... injection molding (SRIM), resin transfer molding (RTM), matched metal molding, filament winding, and pultrusion. Some of these processes are also used for noncomposite materials; casting is described separately in the section “ Casting ” in this article. Reaction Injection Molding Reaction injection...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... in.). A hard epoxy casting resin should be used for making the mount. The procedure is described and illustrated in Chapter 2, “Sample Preparation and Mounting,” in this book. Backing pieces are necessary on the outside edges of the sample(s) of interest. As with all mounts, it is best if the backing pieces...
Abstract
Transmitted-light methods reveal more details of the morphology of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites than are observable using any other available microscopy techniques. This chapter describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted-light microscopy techniques. The preparation steps covered are a selection of the rough section, preparation of the rough section for preliminary mounting, grinding and polishing the primary-mount first surface, mounting the first surface on a glass slide, and preparing the second surface (top surface). The optimization of microscope conditions and analysis of specimens by microscopy techniques are also covered. In addition, examples of composite ultrathin sections that are analyzed using transmitted-light microscopy contrast methods are shown throughout.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... dyes is not necessary, and color contrast without fluorescing provides the required detail. Fig. 5.12 Composite part that was impact damaged. The composite sample was impregnated with epoxy casting resin that was dyed with Rhodamine B to reveal the details of the microcracks. (a) Slightly...
Abstract
The analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy is a process that can be made easy and efficient with only a few contrast methods and preparation techniques. This chapter is intended to provide information that will help an investigator select the appropriate microscopy technique for the specific analysis objectives with a given composite material. The chapter opens with a discussion of macrophotography and microscope alignment, and then goes on to describe various illumination techniques that are useful for specific analysis requirements. These techniques include bright-field illumination, dark-field illumination, polarized-light microscopy, interference and contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The chapter also provides a discussion of sample preparation materials such as dyes, etchants, and stains for the analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of the filaments. ASTM D 4018 method I test specimens require a special cast-resin end tab and grip design to prevent grip slippage under high loads. Alternative methods of specimen mounting to end tabs are acceptable, provided that test specimens maintain axial alignment on the test machine centerline...
Abstract
This chapter presents the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Basic tensile testing of polymer composites is divided into lamina and laminate testing. The chapter focuses on tensile testing of laminates. It discusses the most common tensile test methods that have been standardized for fiber-reinforced composite materials. It also briefly reviews considerations in tensile testing of metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... in this chapter. The techniques have been used to prepare many types of steels and cast irons and are proven to be effective. Special “metallographic tips” are added to give the reader special instructions that may be helpful in difficult situations. Further details on technique can be found in the Selected...
Abstract
This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
.... Medium- to large-sized castings may need more rigid molds to withstand the weight of the metal poured and also the weight of the cores. Furan resin–based self-setting or air-setting systems that use a catalyst are good choices in such cases. The ability to mold-wash air-set molds with a refractory...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... PF, macerated fabric filler 25–65 (4–9) 0.4–0.6 6–9 (0.87–1) 100–160 (15–24) 60–100 (9–15) 95–120 HRM PF, cast, no filler 40–65 (6–9) 1.5–2.0 3 (0.43) 85–115(12–17) 75–115 (11–17) 93–120 HRM Polyester, glass-fiber filler 35–65 (5–9) … 11–14 (1.6–2.0) 140–175 (20–25) 95–115 (14...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods of mechanical testing of plastics for determining mechanical properties, also describing the test methods and providing comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are briefly described. The discussion covers the most commonly used tests for impact performance, various types of hardness test for plastics, the fatigue strength of viscoelastic materials, and the tension testing of elastomers and fibers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... resins, 20-30% glass reinforced 117 17 100 14.5 Iron P/M parts; as-sinteredPolyamide-imide 117 17 92 13.3 Polystyrene, 30% glass reinforced 97 14 . . . . . . Zinc die-casting alloys 96 14 . . . . . . Polyimides, unreinforced 90 13 52 7.5 Nylons, general purpose 87...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Conditions Eutectic Phases Pure Metals Alloys Gating Risering Sand Casting Bonded Sand Molds Dry Sand Molds Resin-Bonded Sand Molds Shell Molding Plaster Casting Evaporative Pattern Casting Investment Casting Permanent Mold Casting Die Casting Squeeze Casting...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of a continuous-fiber composite. In reality, it is extremely difficult to control the orientation in discontinuous-fiber composites. During processing, resin flow fronts push the fibers around, causing misorientation. In addition, some processes, such as injection molding, mechanically fracture the fibers...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... resins do have definite shelf lives, which if surpassed, influences casting quality. The odor from many of these resins is obnoxious, and therefore, mounting under a ventilation hood is preferred. Some of these resins produce skin damage if contact is frequent. Figure 2-9 Some cold-mounting...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes and cures. It also provides recommendations for handling specific materials and addresses safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... impregnated with resins under vacuum to seal the pores. Limitations The limitations of die casting include: Sand cores cannot be used to address pockets or surfaces that do not permit a straight pull of the metal cores (or pins) to create the hollow shape. This limits the design flexibility...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of various aluminum casting processes, namely green sand casting process, air set or no-bake molding process, vacuum molding process, evaporative foam casting process, and die casting process. The processes covered also include gravity permanent molding, low-pressure permanent molding, counter pressure, squeeze casting, investment casting, rapid prototype casting, cast forge hybrid, and semisolid metal processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... lined dies have a shorter life as they cannot dissipate the heat as rapidly as aluminum. The investment casting method is described in greater detail in Chapter 13 . Shell Molding In the shell process, also referred to as the Croning process, sand grains coated with phenolic novolac resins...
Abstract
Pattern equipment is the tooling utilized to form the mold cavity of a casting. This chapter first discusses the following factors that should be considered for determining the type of pattern equipment: number of castings to be produced, mold processes to be employed, dimensional tolerances required, casting design, and pattern cost. It also discusses the factors that should be considered when engineering a pattern. The chapter then presents the types of materials used for pattern construction. It provides an overview of patternmaker's shrinkage allowance. Finally, the chapter presents the factors that govern the space requirements for pattern storage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... thermoplastic composites THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE FABRICATION PROCESSES are discussed in this chapter. The three main areas covered are consolidation, thermoforming, and joining. The basics of thermoplastic composite materials were discussed in Chapter 3, “Matrix Resin Systems.” 6.1 Thermoplastic...