Fig. 4.15 Rotating beam fatigue strength of case-hardening, through- hardening, and tool steels as a function of surface hardness. Source: Ref 21 More

Fig. 9.33 Deep case hardening of 20-foot axles. Courtesy of Ajax Tocco Magnethermic More

Fig. 3.12 Geometric models of carbides formed during case-hardening. A,B, and C are 3 grains (parted). (a) Massive carbide, 4000×. (b) Film carbide, 2000×. (c) Intragranular carbide, 4000×. Source: Ref 19 More

Fig. 6.5 Hardenability ranges for two case-hardening grades of steel. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 3.68 Extruded bars with helical gear teeth in case-hardening steel (Source: ASEA) More

Fig. 6.44 Effect of steel hardenability and size on the distortion of case-hardened washer-like test pieces made of En 353 steel. Dimensional ratio for both test pieces is ~3:2:1. Source: Ref 57 More

Fig. 7 Torsional fracture of a 1½-inch-diameter case-hardened steel shaft, illustrating cracking of the hard, brittle case and transverse shear fracture at the right end across the relatively soft, ductile core. Hot etched to reveal twisting and distortion of the originally straight grain flow More

Fig. 8 Compression test of two steel cubes deep case hardened only on the top and bottom surfaces. A compressive force perpendicular to the case-hardened surfaces caused cracking (arrows) in the very hard (66 HRC) cases on both surfaces. The soft, ductile cores simply bulged under More

Fig. 4 Sketch of a fractured case-hardened shaft showing chevron marks pointing back toward the fracture origin. If brittle fracture continues completely around the part, the two separate fractures may form a step where they meet opposite the origin. The interior, or core, is likely to have More

Fig. 5 Case hardenabilities of a number of carburizing steels with oil quenching More

Fig. 18 Residual-stress distribution and retained austenite content in case-hardened steels More

Fig. 22 Sketch of a fractured case-hardened shaft showing chevron marks pointing back toward the fracture origin. If brittle fracture continues completely around the part, the two separate fractures may form a step where they meet opposite the origin. The interior, or core, is likely to have More

Fig. 1.22 Rotating beam fatigue strength of case-hardened 12 mm diam specimens, notched and unnotched. The line for carburized gears shown in Fig. 1.23 is superimposed (converted to rotating bending fatigue). Source: Ref 33 More

Fig. 3.18 Effect of carbide networks on the contact-fatigue strength of case-hardened steels. Case depths, 1.1 ± 0.1 mm (also see Fig. 4.21 ). Source: Ref 26 More

Fig. 4.11 Hardness/carbon relationship for untempered martensite in four case-hardened steels. Source: Ref 11 More

Fig. 4.13 Retained austenite and residual stress distributions in case-hardened test pieces. Source: Ref 17 More

Fig. 4.18 S-N curves for case-hardened 9310 steel (untempered). Source: Ref 27 More

Fig. 5.13 Effect of grain size on the fatigue strength of case-hardened test pieces. Source: Ref 22 More

Fig. 5.15 Effect of grain size on fatigue strength of case-hardened gears with and without removal of a 0.08 mm surface layer. Coarse-grained steel, ASTM 1-4; fine-grained steel, ASTM 6-8. Source: Ref 24 More