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bulk deformation processes
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Published: 01 November 2013
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in Fundamentals of Metalworking
> Schey’s Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear
Published: 30 September 2023
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract This chapter describes the general characteristics of two commonly classified metalworking processes, namely hot working and cold working. Primary metalworking processes, such as the bulk deformation processes used to conduct the initial breakdown of cast ingots, are always conducted...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of two commonly classified metalworking processes, namely hot working and cold working. Primary metalworking processes, such as the bulk deformation processes used to conduct the initial breakdown of cast ingots, are always conducted hot. Secondary processes, which are used to produce the final product shape, are conducted either hot or cold. The chapter discusses the primary objectives, principal types, advantages, and disadvantages of both primary and secondary metalworking processes. They are rolling, forging, extrusion, sheet metal forming processes, blanking and piercing, bending, stretch forming, drawing, rubber pad forming, and superplastic forming.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter discusses bulk deformation processes and how they are used to reshape metals and refine solidification structures. It begins by describing the differences between hot and cold working along with their respective advantages. It then discusses various forging methods...
Abstract
This chapter discusses bulk deformation processes and how they are used to reshape metals and refine solidification structures. It begins by describing the differences between hot and cold working along with their respective advantages. It then discusses various forging methods, including open-die and closed-die forging, hot upset and roll forging, high-energy-rate forging, ring rolling, rotary swaging, radial and orbital forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging. The chapter also includes information on cold and hot extrusion and drawing operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... Abstract Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction...
Abstract
Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction, heat, strain, and distortion for different tooling configurations and geometries. It explains how to select and apply lubricants based on drawing speed, die design, and other factors and how to maintain sufficient film thickness for hydrodynamic, mixed, and solid-film lubrication conditions. It also discusses the use of vibrating dies, the influence of surface finish and defects, and lubrication practices for specific materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to metal forming processes and where they fit among the five general areas of manufacturing. It also discusses the basic differences between bulk deformation and sheet-metal forming processes and how they relate to hybrid forming processes...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to metal forming processes and where they fit among the five general areas of manufacturing. It also discusses the basic differences between bulk deformation and sheet-metal forming processes and how they relate to hybrid forming processes such as drawing, bending, and coining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... processes based on related tribology. bulk deformation processes flow strength plastic deformation Metalworking involves forcing metal into a desired shape through the application of stress, which inherently requires the high ductility of metals to makes this approach viable. The field of large...
Abstract
This chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative overview of the stresses, strains, forces, and energy associated with metalworking processes and the tribological behavior of metals. It covers key concepts necessary for understanding metalworking tribology, including plastic deformation, yield criteria, flow strength, and the application of flow rules. It explains how to calculate the work involved in deformation processes, how to assess the propensity for fracture, how to determine temperature rise and strain distribution in the workpiece, and how to classify metalworking processes based on related tribology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... Abstract This chapter provides a practical overview of the tools and techniques used to assess the tribological aspects of metal forming processes. It describes test methods that have been developed to evaluate bulk deformation and sheet metal forming processes along with lubricant rheology...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical overview of the tools and techniques used to assess the tribological aspects of metal forming processes. It describes test methods that have been developed to evaluate bulk deformation and sheet metal forming processes along with lubricant rheology, friction forces, and stress and strain distributions. It explains how to measure temperature between tooling and workpiece surfaces as well as surface topography and composition, film thickness, and wear. It also discusses the benefits of reduced-scale and simulation testing and the transfer of results from one process to another.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.t56030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-418-5
..., and the different mechanical behaviors of HEAs with various lattice structures also depend on the evolution of the microstructure during the deformation process. For fcc-structured HEAs, such as the Cantor alloy, e.g., FeCoNiCrMn HEA ( Ref 2 ), in the initial stage of its plastic deformation, dislocations...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the progress that has been made in the study of high-entropy alloy (HEA) systems and the process-structure-property relationships that define them. It describes the various ways HEAs can be strengthened and explains how alloying elements influence tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, and fracture strength. It discusses the stages of plastic deformation in HEAs and the role of dislocations and twinning in the evolution of microstructure. It reviews some of the work that has been done on fatigue behaviors and the methods developed to assess fatigue performance. It discusses the influence of defects on fatigue life, the effect of temperature and grain size on fatigue-crack propagation, and the role of nanotwinning in crack-growth retardation. It describes the methods used to produce HEAs in bulk and powder form and to apply them as protective coatings and films. It also identifies potential applications based on properties such as strength, hardness, density, wear resistance, high-temperature stability, and biocompatibility.
Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 2.24 Correlation between coating strength and coating hardness for different process conditions in cold spraying commercially pure nickel with nitrogen as process gas. The data range for differently work-hardened bulk material is shown for comparison. By using higher spray parameter sets
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... as working above the recrystallization temperature so that the work metal recrystallizes as it deforms in the time period between repeated operations, as in forging and Fig. 13.2 Several bulk forming processes Chapter 13: Forming and Shaping / 141 multiple-stand rolling, or while the material is cooling...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
...) Because of friction ( Sec. 3.3 ) and inhomogeneous deformation ( Sec. 2.5 ) in the processing history, the surface of the workpiece is very often deformed to a greater extant than its bulk. The friction process itself can result in extreme cold working of a thin surface layer. This layer is typified...
Abstract
This chapter examines the surface interactions that occur during metal forming operations at both the macroscopic and microscopic scale. It describes the measurement and characterization of surface profiles based on form error, waviness, and roughness. It explains how workpiece surfaces become rougher or smoother due to the effects of deformation, tooling interactions, and lubricant film thickness. It familiarizes readers with the concept of nominal contact, the role of asperities, and the effects of interface pressure, plasticity index, shear stress, and bulk strain rate. It also reviews the two basic friction rules applicable to metal forming and presents advanced friction models that account for the transition between Coulomb and Tresca behavior and the effects of lubrication.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...—such as a billet or a blanked sheet, for example—can be plastically deformed by a set of tools (or dies) to obtain the desired final thickness and geometrical configuration. Metal forming processes can be classified into two general categories: Bulk, or massive, forming operations Bending and sheet...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... COLD SPRAYING, or kinetic spraying, generally powder particles accelerate in a supersonic gas stream and deposit on surfaces to produce dense coatings or bulk parts. The basic mechanism for adherence of metallic particles is their plastic deformation upon impact, which creates sufficient heat for solid...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current understanding of high-pressure cold spraying for different materials, covering widely accepted general mechanisms for particle deposition and the processes and parameters involved. It begins by reviewing the mechanisms of bonding. An overview of the optimization of the critical process parameters for improving coating qualities is then provided. This is followed by a separate section dealing with bonding between different materials and addressing influences on adhesion to the substrate as well as the cohesion between dissimilar coating constituents. The knowledge of the basic science and mechanisms finally allows for discussion on the requirements for suitable cold spray equipment and of the parameter sets needed for successful coating deposition.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... peaks. This model is of questionable value in bulk deformation processes, such as extrusion, where the contact is more intimate and the pressures are significantly higher. Billet-Container Interface The real area of contact increases with contact pressure as shown in Fig. 14 . According...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic differences between direct and indirect extrusion, the application of plastic theory, the significance of strain and strain rate, friction, and pressure, and factors such as alloy flow stress and extrusion ratio, which influence the quality of material exiting the die and the amount of force required.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.9781627084598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
..., the processes of severe plastic deformation are especially attractive because of their great potential to impose significant deformations and to produce various bulk UFG microstructures ( Ref 4.37 ). The principle of high-pressure torsion (HPT) was first proposed more than 70 years ago by Bridgman ( Ref 4.38...
Abstract
This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.9781627083553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. bulk modulus. See bulk modulus of elasticity. bulk modulus of elasticity (K). The measure of resistance to change...
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