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brittle fracture
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
...Abstract Abstract A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present...
Abstract
A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present simultaneously in order to cause brittle fracture in a normally ductile steel. The chapter then discusses the macroscale characteristics and microstructural aspects of brittle fracture. A summary of the types of embrittlement experienced by ferrous alloys is presented. The chapter concludes with a brief section providing information on mixed fracture morphology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... This brittle bolt was water quenched with a hardness of 47 HRC but had no obvious deformation. This is the same 1038 steel shown in Fig. 1 , except that the heat treatment was different. Source: Ref 1 Fig. 20 Sketch of pattern of brittle fracture of a normally ductile steel plate, sheet, or flat...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of ductile and brittle fracture and their key differences. It describes the characteristics of ductile fracture, explaining how microvoids develop and coalesce into larger cavities that are rapidly pulled apart, leaving bowl-shaped voids or dimples on each side of the fracture surface. It includes SEM images showing how the cavities form, how they progress to final failure, and how dimples vary in shape based on loading conditions. The chapter, likewise, describes the characteristics of brittle fracture, explaining why it occurs and how it appears under various levels of magnification. It also discusses the ductile-to-brittle transition observed in steel, the characteristics of intergranular fracture, and the causes of embrittlement.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... in ductile and brittle metals. brittle metals ductile metals single-load fracture stress tension loading torsional loading compression loading IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND how various types of single-load fractures are caused, one must understand the forces acting on the metals and also...
Abstract
In order to understand how various types of single-load fractures are caused, one must understand the forces acting on the metals and also the characteristics of the metals themselves. All fractures are caused by stresses. Stress systems are best studied by examining free-body diagrams, which are simplified models of complex stress systems. Free-body diagrams of shafts in the pure types of loading (tension, torsion, and compression) are the simplest; they then can be related to more complex types of loading. This chapter discusses the principles of these simplest loading systems in ductile and brittle metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...Abstract Abstract Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... brittle fracture are described, the ductile to brittle transition concept and the fracture mechanics approach. The chapter also discusses several types of corrosion behavior and emphasizes the need to interact with corrosion specialists in the design process. It illustrates the unique advantages...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of factors that must be considered in the design of structural components for satisfactory service performance in terms of mechanical behavior of steel castings. The chapter discusses designing against yielding, excessive deflection, and creep and stress rupture. The chapter describes the three main approaches to evaluating and designing structures relative to fatigue resistance: the S-N curve approach for high cycle fatigue, the strain range approach for low cycle fatigue, and the fracture mechanics approach. Two approaches to design against brittle fracture are described, the ductile to brittle transition concept and the fracture mechanics approach. The chapter also discusses several types of corrosion behavior and emphasizes the need to interact with corrosion specialists in the design process. It illustrates the unique advantages that designers may gain by designing components as castings to achieve low stress concentrations economically.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
...Abstract Abstract This article introduces the subject of fractography and how it is used in failure analysis. The discussion covers the structure of and fracture and crack-propagation behavior of polymeric materials, the distinction between the ductile and brittle fracture modes on the basis...
Abstract
This article introduces the subject of fractography and how it is used in failure analysis. The discussion covers the structure of and fracture and crack-propagation behavior of polymeric materials, the distinction between the ductile and brittle fracture modes on the basis of macroscopic appearance, and the examination and interpretation of the features of fracture surfaces. In addition, the article considers several cases of field failure in various polymers to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses various factors influencing general polymeric behavior, ductile-brittle transitions, crazing, and the brittle fracture of polymeric materials. The discussion covers the effects of environment on glassy thermoplastic, several parametric descriptions...
Abstract
This article discusses various factors influencing general polymeric behavior, ductile-brittle transitions, crazing, and the brittle fracture of polymeric materials. The discussion covers the effects of environment on glassy thermoplastic, several parametric descriptions of craze initiation, the kinetics of craze growth, and the effect of crazing on toughness of the plastic. In addition, the article provides information on various tests to determine stress-to-craze value, strain-to-craze value, and fracture toughness of the plastic.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... appears to be a brittle fracture that initiated from a zone of poor-quality weld. It also provides photographic evidence of a weld crack in the heat-affected zone and includes a drawing of a modified weld design that passed subsequent testing. fractography metallography tie rod visual examination...
Abstract
A tie rod on a 70-ton aircraft towing tractor failed during a test run, fracturing near a welded bracket that connects to a hydraulic jack. This chapter discusses the failure and the investigation that followed. It presents a close-up view of the fracture surface showing what appears to be a brittle fracture that initiated from a zone of poor-quality weld. It also provides photographic evidence of a weld crack in the heat-affected zone and includes a drawing of a modified weld design that passed subsequent testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form...
Abstract
This chapter discusses two damage mechanisms in which stress plays a major role. In the one case, stress causes cracks in the oxide scale on metals, leading to preferential corrosion attack. An example from industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form of intergranular cracking. The phenomenon, which is known by various names, typically occurs at the lower end of the intermediate temperature range and has been observed in ferritic steels, stainless steels, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, and nickel-base alloys, as described in the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...Abstract Abstract The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms...
Abstract
The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms into the outer surface layers. It discusses several such surface-hardening processes, including carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... occur at elevated temperatures (with the obvious exception of low-temperature brittle fracture). Elevated-temperature problems are real concerns in industrial applications. The principal types of elevated-temperature failure mechanisms discussed in this chapter are creep, stress rupture, overheating...
Abstract
Elevated-temperature failures are the most complex type of failure because all of the modes of failures can occur at elevated temperatures (with the obvious exception of low-temperature brittle fracture). Elevated-temperature problems are real concerns in industrial applications. The principal types of elevated-temperature failure mechanisms discussed in this chapter are creep, stress rupture, overheating failure, elevated-temperature fatigue, thermal fatigue, metallurgical instabilities, and environmentally induced failure. The causes, features, and effects of these failures are discussed. The cooling techniques for preventing elevated-temperature failures are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... for single-load applications, and fatigue for multiple-load applications. Each of these fracture modes are discussed in this chapter. The factors affecting the ductile brittle relationship are also covered. cleavage fatigue fracture modes intergranular fracture quasi-cleavage fracture shear...
Abstract
From a fundamental standpoint, there are only two modes, or ways, in which metals can fracture under single, or monotonic, loads: shear and cleavage. There are fracture modes other than shear and cleavage. These include intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture modes for single-load applications, and fatigue for multiple-load applications. Each of these fracture modes are discussed in this chapter. The factors affecting the ductile brittle relationship are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... embrittlement All steel Exposure to metal that forms an intermetallic Brittleness Fig. 16.15 Fish mouth fracture from creep rupture of a type 321 stainless steel superheater tube Fig. 16.21 Axial cracks in a failed boiler tube from a nuclear power plant. The cracks were detected...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... and what they reveal about the load-carrying characteristics of engineering materials. It then discusses the use of failure criteria and the determination of yielding and fracture limits. It goes on to describe the mechanisms and appearances of brittle and ductile fractures and stress rupture, providing...
Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomena of deformation and fracture in metals, providing readers with an understanding of why it occurs and how it can be prevented. It begins with a detailed review of tension and compression stress-strain curves, explaining how they are produced and what they reveal about the load-carrying characteristics of engineering materials. It then discusses the use of failure criteria and the determination of yielding and fracture limits. It goes on to describe the mechanisms and appearances of brittle and ductile fractures and stress rupture, providing detailed images, diagrams, and explanations. It discusses the various factors that influence strength and ductility, including grain size, loading rate, and temperature. It also provides information on the origin of residual stresses, the concept of toughness, and the damage mechanisms associated with creep and stress rupture, stress corrosion, and hydrogen embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... and even cause total crack arrest. They also present the results of a study on crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in circular (rather than rectangular) specimens and a fatigue study on ductile and quasi-brittle materials. crack arrest crack growth retardation crack mechanics fatigue crack...
Abstract
This chapter provides a quantitative treatment of the cracking mechanisms associated with fatigue, drawing on the principles of fracture mechanics. It explains that although fracture mechanics originated with the aim of understanding sudden and catastrophic crack extension, the main premise of a stress field in the vicinity of the crack also applies to the study of cycle-by-cycle stable crack growth. A detailed review is given of the many developments and discoveries that helped shape the theory and methods collectively defined as crack mechanics, which the authors then employ to analyze the crack growth behavior of various materials, including steels and nonferrous alloys, under constant-amplitude loading. The authors then deal with the effects of complex loading using crack retardation and crack closure models to show how load fluctuations can slow crack growth rates and even cause total crack arrest. They also present the results of a study on crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in circular (rather than rectangular) specimens and a fatigue study on ductile and quasi-brittle materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... lifetime and failure. It begins with a review of the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of steel and the different ways to measure transition temperature. It then explains how to predict fracture loads using linear-elastic fracture mechanics and how toughness is affected by temperature and strain rate...
Abstract
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the form of plastic deformation without fracturing. It is thus a measure of both strength and ductility. This chapter describes the fracture and toughness characteristics of metals and their effect on component lifetime and failure. It begins with a review of the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of steel and the different ways to measure transition temperature. It then explains how to predict fracture loads using linear-elastic fracture mechanics and how toughness is affected by temperature and strain rate as well as grain size, inclusion content, and impurities. It also presents the theory and use of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and discusses the causes, effects, and control of temper embrittlement in various types of steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... through the SEM. (c) Microvoid coalescence (dimples) Fig. 12 Chevron markings point back to the origin of failure in brittle steels. Source: Ref 19 Fig. 13 Cleavage fracture in a low-carbon steel, seen through an SEM. Cleavage fracture in a notched impact specimen of hot-rolled 1040...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the possible mechanisms of failure for heat treated steel components and discusses the techniques for examining fractures, ductile and brittle failures, intergranular failure mechanisms, and fatigue. It begins with a description of the general sources of component failure. This is followed by a section on the stages of a failure analysis, which can proceed one after the other or occur at the same time. These stages of analysis are collection of background data, preliminary visual examination, nondestructive testing, selection and preservation of specimens, mechanical testing, macroexamination, microexamination, metallographic examination, determination of the fracture mechanism, chemical analysis, exemplar testing, and analysis and writing the report. The chapter ends with a discussion on various processes involved in the determination of the fracture mechanism.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.