Figure 20 Solder bridging noted at the suspect location. Virtual cross sections taken at various z heights (a, b, c & d), show solder bridging localized close to the interposer-solder bump connection. More

Figure 21 X-ray image showing internal bridging of a film-CAP. More

Figure 4 Fault models: stuck-at (a), transition fault (b), and bridging fault (c). More

Fig. 4.7 Fiber bridging illustration More

Fig. 3 Motion of components in bridge type CMMs. (a) Moving bridge. (b) Fixed bridge. (c) L-shaped bridge. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 7.23 Section through a two-part bridge die, with the bridge extending into the container, for the production of a rectangular section. Source: Ames More

Figure 25 SEM micrograph of a stuck (arrow) part of an RF MEMS bridge (from [55] ). More

Fig. 7 SEM photo of bridge defect between two metal bus lines. More

Fig. 8 Bridge defect across output signal nodes of two inverters. More

Fig. 11 I DDQ response to gate-drain bridge defect ( Fig. 9 ) [4] . More

Fig. 23 A bridge defect between V DD and V SS. More

Fig. 2.1 The iron bridge at Coalbrookdale, England, built in 1778–1780. More

FIG. 1.3 The Darby Furnace was enlarged in 1777 to build the cast-iron bridge at Coalbrookdale. Source: Wikimedia Commons/Helen Simonsson. More

FIG. 1.5 The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale, built in 1779, is the first structure made of cast iron. Painting by William Williams. More

FIG. 1.7 The wrought-iron Menai Suspension Bridge in the United Kingdom was designed by Thomas Telford in 1826. Source: Wikimedia Commons/Bencherlite. More

Fig. 4 The center span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge writhes under a gale-force wind. Moments later the bridge collapsed. More

Fig. 6 This new bridge was opened in 1950. Its four-lane deck and stiffening trusses form a box design that resists torsional forces. Excitation is controlled by hydraulic dampers at the towers and at midspan. More

Fig. 1 USS Saratoga bridge. Photograph by Daniel P. Dennies, Bikini Atoll, 2003 More

Fig. 1 Uniform corrosion (rusting) of a weathering steel highway bridge girder More

Fig. 14 Two views of polymer mesh anodes used to protect reinforcing steel in bridge decks, parking garages, and other large structural surfaces. More