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Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Weldments in Boiling Water Reactor Service
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Abstract This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques, environmental factors, and cracking characteristics. It includes a model that accounts for the primary factors involved in intergranular SCC, namely, tensile stresses above the yield stress of the base material, a sensitized microstructure, and reactor cooling water. The chapter also provides proven remedies and mitigation techniques corresponding to a wide range of issues related to stress, sensitization, and operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Detection and Sizing of Stress-Corrosion Cracks in Boiling Water Reactor Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Abstract This chapter describes how ultrasonic testing came to be a viable method for evaluating intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in large-diameter stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor service. Intergranular SCC can be difficult to detect using nondestructive...
Abstract
This chapter describes how ultrasonic testing came to be a viable method for evaluating intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in large-diameter stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor service. Intergranular SCC can be difficult to detect using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques because of its treelike branching pattern and its location in the heat-affected zone within the weld. As the chapter explains, by optimizing excitation and reflected waveforms, switching to dual-element sensing, properly orienting the scanning path, and using crack-tip diffraction and amplitude-drop techniques, the height, length, and location of intergranular cracks can be accurately determined anywhere along the walls of the pipe as well as in weld areas.
Image
Effect of chromium content on SCC CGR in boiling water reactor (BWR) enviro...
Available to Purchase
in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Nickel-Base Alloys[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 5.24 Effect of chromium content on SCC CGR in boiling water reactor (BWR) environment at 288 °C (550 °F) with 2 ppm O 2 and 30 ppb sulfate. Source: Ref 5.102
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Image
in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Weldments in Boiling Water Reactor Service[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Image
Cross section of a boiling water reactor (BWR) piping weld removed from ser...
Available to Purchase
in Detection and Sizing of Stress-Corrosion Cracks in Boiling Water Reactor Environments[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Book Chapter
Weld Corrosion in Specific Industries and Environments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Abstract This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Image
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking of various alloys exposed to...
Available to Purchase
in Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 6.3 Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking of various alloys exposed to (a) boiling water reactor (BWR) and (b) pressurized water reactor (PWR) core environments as a function of total strain in an in situ continuous-swelling tube test. Source: Ref 6.22 , 6.23 , 6.59
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Image
Variation in the average crack propagation rate in sensitized type 304 stai...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2015
Fig. 17 Variation in the average crack propagation rate in sensitized type 304 stainless steel in water at 288 °C (550 °F) with oxygen content. Data are from both constant extension rate (CERT) tests, constant load, and field observations on boiling water reactor piping. IGSCC, intergranular
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Image
Variation in the average crack propagation rate in sensitized type 304 stai...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 1.19 Variation in the average crack propagation rate in sensitized type 304 stainless steel in water at 288 °C (550 °F) with oxygen content. Data are from constant-extension-rate testing, constant-load testing, and field observations on boiling water reactor piping. IGSCC, intergranular
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Image
Dependence of IASCC on fast neutron fluence for (a) creviced control-blade ...
Available to Purchase
in Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 6.2 Dependence of IASCC on fast neutron fluence for (a) creviced control-blade sheath in high-conductivity boiling water reactors (BWRs) ( Ref 6.6 ) and (b) as measured in slow-strain-rate tests at 3.7 × 10 −7 /s on preirradiated type 304 stainless steel in 288 °C (550 ° F) water ( Ref
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Book Chapter
Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... exposure, which alters many material properties and produces radiolysis of water. Classic examples of the neutronfluence dependence of IASCC of austenitic stainless steel are shown in Fig. 6.2(a) ( Ref 6.6 , 6.7 ) for control-blade sheath cracking in high-conductivity boiling water reactors (BWRs...
Abstract
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades of investigation, showing that IASCC can essentially be defined as the intergranular cracking of austenitic alloys in high-temperature water, where both the material and its environment have been altered by radiation. Of the many interactions that can occur when metals and water are exposed to radiation, the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information on predictive modeling as well.
Book Chapter
Monitoring and Testing of Weld Corrosion
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... of Welds in the ByPass Lines of a Boiling Water Reactor One of the typical applications of ultrasonic testing is the in-service inspection of the coolant circuit pipes and the by-pass lines in a boiling water reactor. These pipes, which are fabricated from type 316 stainless steel, are intended...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... usually denotes SCC in simulated nuclear boiling water reactor (BWR) and nuclear pressurized water reactor (PWR) coolant environments. The term irradiation-assisted SCC refers to SCC in nuclear power station core components that are subjected to heavy doses of radiation within the core as well...
Abstract
This chapter takes a practical approach to the problem of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in stainless steels, explaining how different application environments affect different grades of stainless steel. It describes the causes of stress-corrosion cracking in chloride, caustic, polythionic acid, and high-temperature environments and the correlating effects on austenitic, ferritic, duplex, martensitic, and precipitation hardening stainless steels and nickel-base alloys. It also discusses the contributing effects of sensitization and hydrogen embrittlement and the role of composition, microstructure, and thermal history. Sensitization is particularly detrimental to austenitic stainless steels, and in many cases, eliminating it will eliminate the susceptibility to SCC. The chapter includes an extensive amount of data and illustrations.
Book Chapter
Effects of Metallurgical Variables on the Corrosion of High-Nickel Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... This was corroborated through potentiodynamic anodic polarization ( Ref 23 ) and through corrosion immersion tests in boiling HCl solutions contaminated with different levels of ferric ions ( Ref 21 ). Secondary Carbide Effect in the Resistance of UNS N06600 to SCC in High-Temperature Water Inconel 600 (UNS...
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated mostly to the metallurgical effects on the corrosion behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys. It begins with a section describing the importance of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of nickel alloys. The chapter considers the metallurgical effects of alloy composition for heat-resistant alloys, nickel corrosion-resistant alloys, and nickel-base alloys. This chapter also discusses the corrosion implications of changing the alloy microstructure via solid-state transformation, second-phase precipitation, or cold work. It concludes with a comparison of corrosion behavior between cast and wrought product forms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., bromides, iodides, and fluorides), sulfur-bearing compounds (such as H2S and sulfur-oxyanions), high-temperature and supercritical water, and caustics (such as NaOH), while accounting for temperature, composition, microstructure, properties, environmental contaminants, and other factors. The chapter also...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel-base alloys are specified for many applications, such as oil and gas production, power generation, and chemical processing, because of their resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Under certain conditions, however, SCC can be a concern. This chapter describes the types of environments and stress loads where nickel-base alloys are most susceptible to SCC. It begins with a review of the physical metallurgy of nickel alloys, focusing on the role of carbides and intermetallic phases. It then explains how SCC occurs in the presence of halides (such as chlorides, bromides, iodides, and fluorides), sulfur-bearing compounds (such as H2S and sulfur-oxyanions), high-temperature and supercritical water, and caustics (such as NaOH), while accounting for temperature, composition, microstructure, properties, environmental contaminants, and other factors. The chapter also discusses the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and provides information on test methods.
Book Chapter
Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... 390 0.000 0.000 Aniline hydrochloride 5–20 35/100 95/212 <0.001 <0.04 Benzene + HCl + NaCl Vapor + liquid 80 176 0.005 0.2 Carbon tetrachloride 99 Boiling 0.003 0.12 100 Boiling 0.003 0.12 Chloroform 100 Boiling 0.000 0.000 Chloroform + water 50 Boiling...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the corrosion behavior of titanium, the types of corrosion that can occur, and the effect of alloying on corrosion resistance. It explains that, due to its tenacious oxide film, titanium has excellent corrosion resistance in oxidizing environments and that the resistance can be extended into the “reducing-acid” region by adding a small amount of palladium. It describes how different grades of titanium respond to different forms of attack, including uniform, crevice, and galvanic corrosion. It also identifies applications where corrosion is often a concern.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... was selected as a reflector or moderator in nuclear reactors. Quantities of beryllium used in reactors ranged from a few kilograms in systems for nuclear auxiliary power devices to 1600 kg in the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. Until the cessation of nuclear weapon construction, large...
Abstract
Beryllium, despite its relatively simple atomic structure, possesses a wide range of useful engineering properties. It has the highest strength-to-weight ratio and modulus of elasticity among structural metals and is an important alloy addition in copper, nickel, and aluminum alloys. It also has excellent thermal properties, low atomic mass, a small x-ray absorption cross section, and a large neutron scattering cross section. This brief introductory chapter provides an overview of the unique qualities of beryllium along with typical applications and uses.
Book Chapter
Materials Selection for Corrosion Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... localized pitting corrosion even before the anticipated service ( Fig. 1 ). The damage occurred during storage, because the new (replacement) stainless steel pipe sections were in direct contact with mists of brackish water that arose in an unsheltered location immediately adjacent to a marine estuary...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the step-by-step processes by which materials are selected in order to prevent or control corrosion and includes information on materials that are resistant to the various forms of corrosion. The various forms of corrosion covered are general (uniform) corrosion, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., metal surfaces covered with (oftentimes, sulfur-containing) corrosion products will be exposed to air and moisture. This can lead to pitting and other forms of localized corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking unless preventive measures are implemented. When equipment is washed with water during...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Book Chapter
Chemistry of Beryllium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... are most often the critical contaminants. This pitting has been correlated to the alloy impurity distribution occurring at sites with high concentrations of iron, aluminum, or silicon [ Wright and Silver 1963 ]. Beryllium reacts readily with H 2 SO 4 and HCl. Boiling water and alkalis react...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic chemistry of beryllium metals and compounds, including beryllium hydroxide, beryllium carbonates, beryllium fluoride, and beryllium chloride. It discusses the uses as well as application challenges of various forms of beryllium and includes information on their chemical properties and reactions.
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