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blast residues
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...-metal contamination, blast residues, flux inclusions, and galvanic attack. corrosion resistance magnesium alloys chemical composition heat treatment grain size cold working heavy-metal contamination blast residues flux inclusions galvanic attack MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical factors on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The factors are chemical composition, heat treating, grain size, and cold-work effects. The chapter describes the causes of corrosion failures in magnesium alloys, namely heavy-metal contamination, blast residues, flux inclusions, and galvanic attack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... superalloys are extremely susceptible to what may appear to be minor changes in surface environment. For instance, residual stresses play an important role in the life of a component. Favorable residual stresses frequently are introduced by machining. An attempt to remove contaminants by mechanical...
Abstract
Superalloys are susceptible to damage from a variety of surface contaminants. They may also require special surface finishes for subsequent processing steps such as coating applications. This chapter describes some of the cleaning and finishing procedures that have been developed for superalloys and how they work. It discusses the effect of metallic contaminants, tarnish, oxide, and scale and how they can be detected and removed. It also discusses chemical and mechanical surface finishing techniques and where they are used, and presents several application examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... Abstract This chapter describes the basic steps in the steelmaking process. It explains how iron is reduced from ore in the liquid state through the classic blast furnace process and in the solid state by direct reduction. It discusses the conversion of iron to steel and the technological...
Abstract
This chapter describes the basic steps in the steelmaking process. It explains how iron is reduced from ore in the liquid state through the classic blast furnace process and in the solid state by direct reduction. It discusses the conversion of iron to steel and the technological advancements that led from open hearth steelmaking to basic oxygen processes and ultimately the electric arc furnace (EAF). It describes the versatility, efficiency, and scalability of the EAF process and its impact on recycling and sustainability. It explains how EAF refining and deoxidation practices have changed over time, and describes secondary refining processes such as degassing, homogenization, rinsing, and remelting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... cleaning, the workpiece is cleaned by “atomic shot blasting” due to the hydrogen gas ionization. The sputter-clean temperature is ramped up at intervals of approximately 55 °C (100 °F) with an approximate 10 min hold between each successive interval. This ensures proper nitrogen diffusion into the steel...
Abstract
Surface cleanliness requirements depend on which nitrocarburizing process is selected for component treatment. This chapter discusses the processes involved in some of the more commonly used precleaning methods for gas ferritic nitrocarburizing and provides information on the methods used to accomplish enhanced plasma cleaning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... water. Sometimes enough residual heat can be left in the parts that any remaining water evaporates. Under continuous conditions, air blasts may remove the water. Rotating spindles with workpieces can have a rotation speed high enough to spin off the water. Polymer Quenches Polymer quenches...
Abstract
The surface condition of metals can have a significant effect on the outcome of high-temperature processes and vice versa. This chapter discusses the general cleaning and surface treatment needs of work in-process both before and after induction hardening. It identifies contaminants and defects associated with various quenchants and processing atmospheres and provides insights on how they can be removed and, in some cases, prevented. It also recommends the application of a rust preventative shortly after parts have cooled.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
.... The contamination can be due to decarburization from previous heat treatment operations, machining operations using coolants that contain silicones, or inadequate cleaning after salt bath treatment. Another problem source is contaminated grit on glass bead blast or shot blast. Precleaning is mandatory for both gas...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... of scale and how it can be removed via belt grinding, abrasive blasting, and molten salt descaling baths. It also discusses the role of acid pickling, barrel finishing, polishing, and buffing as well as the use of chemical conversion coatings and protective platings. barrel finishing chemical...
Abstract
Cleaning procedures serve to remove scale, tarnish films, and other contaminants that form or are otherwise deposited on the surface of titanium during processing operations such as hot working and heat treatment. This chapter explains what makes titanium susceptible to the formation of scale and how it can be removed via belt grinding, abrasive blasting, and molten salt descaling baths. It also discusses the role of acid pickling, barrel finishing, polishing, and buffing as well as the use of chemical conversion coatings and protective platings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... failure map for coating(s) applied on cylindrical button. Courtesy of Sulzer Metco Inc. Bond Test Step by Step Inspect coating quality on bond caps. (Coating chipping, cracks, delamination, separation, overspray, are not allowed.) Prepare mating caps—grit blast their flat surface. (Do...
Abstract
This article addresses critical aspects in bond testing of thermal spray coatings and provides step-by-step guidance for obtaining representative and reproducible test results based on ASTM C633 and other applicable industry standards. It clarifies details of ASTM C633 requirements and provides examples of the best practice confirmed by hundreds of tests performed worldwide, adopted by numerous industrial standards, and requested to comply with international technical standardization and certification organizations such ISO, AS, SAE, and Nadcap.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... metallic abrasives. Non-metallic abrasives consisting of sand, glass beads, or alumina and zirconia grit can be used when the presence of iron residue is undesirable. Each abrasive material is selected on the basis of the intended work to be done and the type of surface desired after blasting. Surface...
Abstract
After pouring, castings are allowed to solidify and cool. They are later removed from the molds in the shakeout operation. A series of activities then follow, which are generally referred to as finishing and heat treatment. These activities can be broadly categorized as shakeout, abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... in steel because they are difficult to remove during steelmaking and refining. Steels made by electric furnace melting employing scrap as a raw material contain higher levels of residual elements than steels made in an integrated steelmaking facility using the blast furnace-BOF route. Some electric furnace...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various processes involved in the production of steel from raw materials to finished mill products. The processes include hot rolling, cold rolling, forging, extruding, or drawing. The chapter provides a detailed description of two main furnaces used for making steel: the electric arc furnace and the basic oxygen furnace. It also provides information on the classification and specifications for various steels, namely, plain carbon steels, low-carbon steels, medium-carbon plain carbon steels, and high-carbon plain carbon steels. The chapter concludes with a general overview of the factors influencing corrosion in iron and steel and a brief discussion of corrosion-resistant coatings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... for example confidence intervals of the data. The compression residual stress in the substrate, near the interface, is due to “grit blasting” the substrate before the coating was sprayed. The modified layer removal method analysis assumes that the last remaining piece is stress free and calculates...
Abstract
This article, prepared under the auspices of the ASM Thermal Spray Society Committees on Accepted Practices, describes a procedure for evaluating residual stresses in thermal spray coatings, which is an extension of the well-known layer removal method to include the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio properties of the thermal spray coating material and the substrate. It presents questions and answers that were selected to introduce residual stresses in thermal spray coatings. The article describes equipment and the laboratory procedure for the modified layer removal method and provides the description of the residual stress specimen. It also describes the procedures for applying or installing bonded resistance strain gages, the dimensions of the test specimen, the procedure for removing layers, and the method for interpreting the data to evaluate residual stresses. The spreadsheet program, “ MLRM for Residual Stresses ,” is available as a supplement to this document.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... treatment used on the peel ply because silicone coatings that make the peel ply easier to remove can also leave residues that inhibit structural bonding; and the final surface preparation for example, hand sanding vs. light grit blasting. Overall, peel plies are very effective in preventing gross surface...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... coating adhesion. A high-quality abrasive blast cleaning also will impart compressive residual stresses in the pipe surface that improve SCC resistance. All coatings contain some defects or holes, referred to as holidays, that expose the bare pipeline steel to the underground environment. The function...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for external corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking on oil and natural gas pipelines, as well as describes procedures for prevention, mitigation, detection, assessment, and repair. The forms of external corrosion covered include differential cell corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray current corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... Fig. 11.56 General form of residual stress distribution induced by shot peening or similar surface cold working treatments. Source: Ref 11.60 Fig. 11.57 Stage I half-crack fatigue propagation rates at various alternating stresses in electropolished and glass bead-blasted material tested...
Abstract
This chapter is largely a compendium of best practices and procedures for minimizing the effects of fatigue. It explains how to make products more resistant to fatigue by choosing the right materials and manufacturing processes, avoiding geometries and features that concentrate strains, preventing or removing surface damage, and by inducing compressive mean stresses that prolong fatigue life. It also discusses the use of property conditioning and restoration treatments, the benefits of interference fits and processes such as coaxing, the effects of assembly damage and operating overload, the importance of surface cleanliness and finish, and the role of inspection, testing, replacement, and repair in safe-life and fail-safe designs. Examples highlighting the benefits and potential pitfalls of proof loading tests are included as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... material and the processing environment. It examines the characteristic features of decarburized microstructures and assesses their influence on hardness, residual stresses, and fatigue and fracture behaviors. It also discusses corrective measures and practical considerations regarding their use...
Abstract
This chapter explains how decarburization can occur during carburizing processes and how to limit the severity of its effects. It describes the reactions and conditions that result in a loss of carbon atoms and how they vary with changes in the physical metallurgy of the affected material and the processing environment. It examines the characteristic features of decarburized microstructures and assesses their influence on hardness, residual stresses, and fatigue and fracture behaviors. It also discusses corrective measures and practical considerations regarding their use.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... challenges, particularly in regard to grinding. bending fatigue carburizing contact fatigue fatigue strength grinding microstructure residual stress roller burnishing shot peening surface hardness The mechanical treatments most commonly applied to case-hardened parts are shot peening...
Abstract
Mechanical treatments such as grinding and shot peening are often employed in the production of case-carburized parts. Grinding, besides restoring precision, removes carbide films, internal oxidation, and high-temperature transformation products. Shot peening strengthens component surfaces and induces a stress state that increases fatigue resistance. This chapter describes both processes as well as roller burnishing. It explains how these treatments are applied and how they influence the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of case-hardened components. It also addresses process challenges, particularly in regard to grinding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
..., blast furnaces that produced cast iron in large quantities for intensive industrial development in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were developed ( Ref 2.9 – 2.11 ). Iron ore was converted by reduction with blasts of air, charcoal, and limestone to produce cast iron in small ingots...
Abstract
This chapter traces the history of steelmaking over three millennia, from the discovery of martensite in a mining tool dating from the twelfth century B.C. to the nineteenth century development of the Bessemer and Siemens processes. It also describes the work of early metallographers who discovered many phases and microstructures associated with steel and gave them their now familiar names. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the emergence of continuous casting and the subsequent development of strip casting production techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... they are difficult to remove during steelmaking and refining. Steels made by electric furnace melting employing scrap as a raw material contain higher levels of residual elements than steels made in an integrated steelmaking facility using the blast furnace-BOF route. Some electric furnace melting shops use direct...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum induction melting furnaces, and electroslag and vacuum arc remelting furnaces. It also covers casting, rolling, and annealing procedures and describes the basic steps in aluminum and titanium production.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
..., producing a bubble. When the bubble bursts, a localized hard spot will form on the exposed steel. Stop-off paint residues can be reduced by brushing or washing, or removed by light blasting with fine abrasives. One method of selective gas nitriding is to plate the areas to be stopped-off using...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... and protection of surfaces not to be blast cleaned or painted Removal of rust scale, and contaminants and suitable roughening of the surface Testing to verify proper cleanliness and surface quality, for example, a water-break test or ultraviolet inspection can detect residual oils, etc. Application...
Abstract
Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.
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