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biofilms
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Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 5 Conceptual model of biofilm structure as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy. The metal is shown crosshatched. Note the nearly continuous base film upon which sits a series of cauliflower-like cell clusters separated by voids through which bulk water can flow (arrows
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... organisms can influence the occurrence or rate of corrosion, and the types of corrosion most often influenced by microbes. The chapter then discusses the formation of biofilms on the surface of metals. This is followed by a list of industries most often reported as being affected by microbiological...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which organisms can influence the occurrence or rate of corrosion, and the types of corrosion most often influenced by microbes. The chapter then discusses the formation of biofilms on the surface of metals. This is followed by a list of industries most often reported as being affected by microbiological corrosion, along with the organisms usually implicated in the attack. The types of attack that have most commonly been documented are illustrated through generalized case histories for different classes of alloys. The chapter also describes the general approaches to be taken to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion. It ends with some information on the inhibition of corrosion by the action of bacteria.
Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 22 UNS A93003 aluminum coupons after galvanic corrosion test and removal of corrosion products. (a) Coupled to stainless steel cathode with natural microbial biofilm. (b) Coupled to control stainless steel cathode without biofilm. (c) As originally prepared prior to immersion. Source
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... Abstract Water chemistry is a factor in nearly all boiler tube failures. It contributes to the formation of scale, biofilms, and sludge, determines deposition rates, and drives the corrosion process. This chapter explains how water chemistry is managed in boilers and describes the effect...
Abstract
Water chemistry is a factor in nearly all boiler tube failures. It contributes to the formation of scale, biofilms, and sludge, determines deposition rates, and drives the corrosion process. This chapter explains how water chemistry is managed in boilers and describes the effect of impurities and feedwater parameters on high-pressure boiler components. It discusses deposition and scaling, types of corrosion, and carryover, a condition that occurs when steam becomes contaminated with droplets of boiler water. The chapter also covers water treatment procedures, including filtration, chlorination, ion exchange, demineralization, reverse osmosis, caustic and chelant treatment, oxygen scavenging, and colloidal, carbonate, phosphate, and sodium aluminate conditioning.
Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 20 Corrosion currents for galvanic couples of UNS C1100 copper anodes versus UNS N08367 stainless steel cathodes with and without (control) the influence of natural marine microbial biofilms. Source: Ref 58
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Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 21 Corrosion currents for galvanic couples of UNS A93003 aluminum alloy anodes versus UNS N08367 stainless steel cathodes with and without (control) the influence of natural marine microbial biofilms. Source: Ref 58
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Influenced Corrosion The chapter, “ Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ,” discusses the interactions of the biofilms that form on virtually all structural metals and alloys immersed in aqueous environments. These interactions can lead to many of the forms of corrosion detailed previously...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
..., organisms in the water tend to attach to and grow on the surface of structural materials, resulting in the formation of a biological film, or biofilm. The film itself can range from a microbiological slime film on freshwater heat transfer surfaces ( Fig. 5 ) to a heavy encrustation of hard-shelled fouling...
Abstract
Corrosive environments can be broadly classified as atmospheric, underground/soil, water, acidic, alkaline, and combinations of these. Complicating matters is the fact that there are important variables, for example, pH, temperature, and the presence of biological organisms, that can significantly alter the response of the material in a given environment. This chapter provides a detailed account of all these types of corrosion affecting various industries, pointing out the connection between the characteristics of the corrosive environment that control corrosion behavior, the corrosion characteristics of various metals and materials systems, and the subsequent corrosion response.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed study of the localized corrosion behavior of steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. It applies the basic principles of electrochemistry, as well as materials science and solid and fluid mechanics, to explain the causes and effects of pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the underlying mechanisms associated with each process and how they relate to the microstructure of the metal or alloy, the physical condition of the surface, and other factors such as the coupling of the metal to a dissimilar metal or surface film.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... solids or can form biofilms on a material’s surface. The high concentration of bacteria that occurs in the presence of accumulated solids or biofilms can lead to concentrated corrosion cells that promote localized corrosion attack. Susceptible materials include carbon steels, copper alloys, aluminum...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the major types of corrosion, their interactions, their complicating effects on fracture and wear, and some possible prevention methods. The types of corrosion considered in the chapter are galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... Microbially induced corrosion is caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi, in water under low-flow or stagnant conditions. The bacteria form a biofilm or slime with which they adhere to their host surface and create a microenvironment conducive to corrosion. Alternatively, the bacteria...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Abstract
This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... the corrosion process. For example, water and some organic media may contain certain microorganisms that can produce a biofilm when exposed to a metal surface. The resulting nonuniform coverage may lead to a concentration cell and eventually initiate corrosion. In addition, the metabolic process...
Abstract
This article describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macrocompositional and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this article to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The article discusses the most important methods available to minimize corrosion in weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
Abstract
Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments and the influence of various factors and prevention methods. It also includes an extensive amount of data of corrosion rates, corrosion resistance, and changes in mechanical properties.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.9781627083027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... there are no specific studies on this. However, microorganisms adhere to this film and, as colonies of them grow, form a biofilm. This film consists of layers of microorganisms that can produce an exocellular polymeric matrix, which protects the colony from cleaning and disinfecting. Geometric factors also can protect...
Abstract
The case for using stainless steel in appliances of all types, whether they are commercial or residential, relates to it being able to provide the best value over the intended service life. This chapter describes some of the qualities in any material considered for food contact, namely chemical neutrality, biological neutrality, and cleanliness. A vast majority of stainless steel applications in commercial and residential equipment are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... the corrosion process. For example, water and some organic media may contain certain microorganisms that can produce a biofilm when exposed to a metal surface. The resulting nonuniform coverage may lead to a concentration cell and eventually initiate corrosion. In addition, the metabolic process...
Abstract
Corrosion failures of welds can occur even when the proper base metal and filler metal have been selected, industry codes and standards have been followed, and welds have been deposited that possess full weld penetration and have proper shape and contour. This chapter describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macro- and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this chapter to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing the corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The discussion covers the factors influencing corrosion of weldments, microstructural features of weld microstructures, various forms of weld corrosion, and welding practice to minimize corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of enumerating bacteria is discussed in Ref 61 . Other useful procedures include a quick field method for enumerating total bacteria and studying the effect of bactericides ( Ref 62 ), a method of studying biofilms and the effect of bactericides on them ( Ref 63 ), and a rating system for evaluating bacterial...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems, and pipelines. The following sections provide information on the factors influencing corrosivity of produced fluids and the methods of inhibitor application. The chapter discusses the primary causes of corrosion problems and inhibition in waterfloods and provides an overview of bacteria-induced corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of microbial communities that contain a variety of types of bacteria. In these communities, the bacteria act cooperatively to produce conditions favorable to the growth of each species. Obligate anaerobic bacteria can thrive in aerobic environments when they are present beneath biofilms/deposits in which...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for external corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking on oil and natural gas pipelines, as well as describes procedures for prevention, mitigation, detection, assessment, and repair. The forms of external corrosion covered include differential cell corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray current corrosion.