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beta transformation
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several...
Abstract
Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.3 Beta transformation in a eutectoid system. Phase relationships can be predicted by extrapolating the beta phase boundaries below the eutectoid temperature. The beta phase transforms into alpha and an intermetallic phase, gamma.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.14 Time-temperature-transformation curves for beta-isomorphous and beta-eutectoid systems. The curves show omega forming at low temperatures and eventually forming the equilibrium products of alpha plus beta.
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Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 3.14 Time-temperature transformation diagram for a beta alloy (Ti-1 3V-11Cr-4Al). Alloy was initially solution treated in the β region for 2 h at 760 °C (1400 °F); then air cooled at 25 °C (77 °F); then aged.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.13 Time-temperature-transformation curves for two alloys of a beta-isomorphous system. Start of transformation of beta to alpha and its completion are indicated by the C-curves.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.15 Effect of molybdenum on start of beta-to-alpha transformation. Increasing the molybdenum content in titanium-molybdenum alloys shifts the initial transformation of beta to alpha to the right. Hence, beta is more readily retained.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.16 Effect of oxygen on start of beta-to-alpha transformation. Oxygen, an alpha stabilizer, shifts the transformation curve to the left, decreasing the time associated with the nose of the C-curve.
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in Principles of Beta Transformation and Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 4.17 Effect of aluminum on initial transformation of beta to alpha. Aluminum, like oxygen, decreases the time for initial transformation of beta.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
..., properties, and performance. It includes images of elongated and equiaxed structures, primary alpha, transformed beta, and metastable phases as well as spheroidal and intergranular beta, alpha case, and intermetallic compounds. It also defines important terms and provides step-by-step procedures...
Abstract
The practical application of metals and alloys is guided largely by information obtained through the study of their microstructure. This chapter examines a wide range of titanium microstructures, identifying characteristic features and explaining what they reveal about processing, properties, and performance. It includes images of elongated and equiaxed structures, primary alpha, transformed beta, and metastable phases as well as spheroidal and intergranular beta, alpha case, and intermetallic compounds. It also defines important terms and provides step-by-step procedures for preparing titanium for metallographic analysis.
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in Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 7.31 (a) Acicular alpha (transformed beta) and prior-beta grain boundaries in bar forged 50% from 1065 °C (1950 °F), reheated at 730 °C (1350 °F) for 2 h, and air cooled. (b) Platelike and equiaxed alpha with some beta present in bar forged 50% from 980 °C (1800 °F), reheated at 730 °C
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in Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 7.32 Ti-6Al-4V bar. (a) Acicular alpha (transformed beta) and prior-beta grain boundaries in bar forged 75% from 1065 °C (1950 °F), reheated at 730 °C (1350 °F) for 2 h, and air cooled. (b) Platelike and equiaxed alpha with some beta present in bar forged 75% from 980 °C (1800 °F
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... treatment. Effects of Alloy Elements In titanium alloys, the principal effect of an alloying element is its effect on the alpha-to-beta transformation temperature. Some elements stabilize the alpha crystal structure by raising the alpha-to-beta transformation temperature, while other elements...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of titanium. It explains how alloying elements affect transformation temperatures, tensile and creep strength, elasticity, hardness, and corrosion behaviors. It provides composition and property data for commercial grades of titanium, addresses processing issues, and identifies operating environments where certain titanium alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.
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in Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 7.25 Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.5Al-1Mo-0.2Si bar. Primary alpha, transformed beta, and fine dispersions of titanium silicide after heating at 900 °C (1650 °F) for 1 h and air cooling, followed by reheating at 500 °C (930 °F) for 24 h and air cooling. Etchant: 10%HF-5%HNO 3 . Original magnification
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Published: 01 October 2012
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... (beta) from 885 to 1670 °C (1625 to 3038 °F). The atoms in the bcc crystal structure are not as closely packed as in the hcp structure; thus, a volume expansion during transformation is expected. This transformation of alpha to beta in pure titanium results in slight expansion and thus a decrease...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of alloying and their practical application in the production of titanium mill products and engineered parts. It begins with a review of the atomic and crystal structure of titanium and the conditions for interstitial and substitutional alloying. It then describes the different classes of alloying elements, their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors, and their influence on phase transitions and transformations. The chapter also discusses the role of intermetallic compounds and their effect on crystal structure and creep behavior.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... fabrication processes, such as forming and machining, are also usually more costly than those for other competing metals. 28.1 Titanium Metallurgy Pure titanium at room temperature has an alpha (α) hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure, which transforms to a beta (β) body-centered cubic (bcc...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are classified according to the amount of alpha and beta phase material retained in their structures at room temperature. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, composition, processing, and properties of titanium and its alloys. It provides information on melting, forging, casting, heat treating, and secondary fabrication. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of titanium and its alloys in various applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... structure, which is referred to as “alpha” phase. This structure transforms to a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure, called “beta” phase, at 888 °C (l621 °F). Beta phase and alpha phase hard-sphere models are shown in Fig. 1.1 . It is common to separate the alloys into four categories...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic metallurgy of titanium, explaining how it influences the development of microstructure and the mechanical properties that can be achieved. It describes the nature of each of the four major phases of titanium, the effect of alloying elements on phase transformations, and the formation of secondary phases. The chapter presents and interprets a wide range of micrographs and includes several tables containing composition and tensile property data for many titanium alloys.
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Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 3.4 Pseudo phase diagram plus microstructures of an annealed alpha-beta alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) after cooling from different areas of the phase field. (a) Diagram with Ti-6Al-4V composition indicated. (b) Acicular alpha (transformed beta) with prior beta grain boundaries. (c) Alpha prime
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Image
Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 12.21 Low-cycle fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V alpha-beta titanium alloy with different structures: beta forged (100% transformed beta); 10% primary alpha (balance transformed beta); 50% primary alpha
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... and nonmetals exist at different temperatures in more than one solid state. For example, when liquid titanium solidifies, the atoms are arranged in a bcc (beta) structure, but at a lower temperature they are rearranged to the hcp (alpha) lattice form. Such solid-state transformations can have important...
Abstract
This chapter describes the structures, phases, and phase transformations observed in metals and alloys as they solidify and cool to lower temperatures. It begins with a review of the solidification process, covering nucleation, grain growth, and the factors that influence grain morphology. It then discusses the concept of solid solutions, the difference between substitutional and interstitial solid solubility, the effect of alloying elements, and the development of intermetallic phases. The chapter also covers the construction and use of binary and ternary phase diagrams and describes the helpful information they contain.
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