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beta transformation
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys. CALPHAD approach Gibbs energy...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a computational method, called CALPHAD, used for the study of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. It describes the thermodynamic models and calculation techniques employed in the software and explains how it applies to complex alloys used in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... (bcc) and is called beta (β). In pure titanium, the alpha phase is stable up to 880 °C (1620 °F), where it transforms to the beta phase; the transition temperature is known as the beta transus. The beta phase is then stable from 880 °C (1620 °F) to the melting point of 1720 °C (3130 °F). Fig. 5.2...
Abstract
Titanium is a lightweight metal used in a growing number of applications for its strength, toughness, stiffness, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high-temperature operating characteristics. This chapter discusses the applications, metallurgy, properties, compositions, and grades of commercially pure titanium and alpha and near-alpha, alpha-beta, and beta titanium alloys. It describes primary and secondary fabrication processes, including melting, forging, forming, heat treating, casting, machining, and joining as well as powder metallurgy and direct metal deposition. It also compares and contrasts the properties of wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium products and discusses corrosion behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... room temperature, but precipitates secondary phases during heat treatment. In titanium alloys, the principal effect of an alloying element is its effect on the alpha-to-beta transformation temperature. Some elements stabilize the alpha crystal structure by raising the alpha-to-beta transformation...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of titanium. It explains how alloying elements affect transformation temperatures, tensile and creep strength, elasticity, hardness, and corrosion behaviors. It provides composition and property data for commercial grades of titanium, addresses processing issues, and identifies operating environments where certain titanium alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.9781627082693
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... primarily used for the purpose of increasing hardness, yield strength, and/or tensile strength. Eutectoid transformations, which form the basis of a number of steel heat treatment practices, are much less common in the heat treatment of nonferrous alloys. Eutectoid transformations do occur in various...
Abstract
The term heat treatable alloys is used in reference to alloys that can be hardened by heat treatment, and this chapter briefly describes the major types of heat treatable nonferrous alloys. The discussion provides a general description of annealing cold-worked metals and describes some of the common nonferrous alloys that can be hardened through heat treatment. The nonferrous alloys covered include aluminum alloys, cobalt alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of copper and its alloys. It begins with an overview of the characteristics, applications, and commercial grades of wrought and cast copper. It then discusses the role of alloying, explaining how zinc, tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel affect the physical and mechanical properties of coppers and high-copper alloys as well as brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and nickel silvers. It also explains how alloying affects electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stress-corrosion cracking, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., some metals have different unique crystal structures and atomic diameters at different temperatures; that is, they form different stable phases at different temperatures. Examples are alpha and beta titanium and alpha and gamma iron. Some metal phases are transitional rather than stable. An important...
Abstract
This article discusses the general purpose of alloying and identifies some of the material properties and behaviors that can be improved by adding various elements to the base metal. It explains how alloying can make metals stronger and more resistant to corrosion and wear as well as easier to cast, weld, form, and machine. It also discusses some of the alloying techniques that have been developed to address problems stemming from dissimilarities between the base metal and alloying or inoculate material.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.9781627082617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.9781627082587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... frequencies of the rotor being shifted to higher levels. Because of the improved ability to control microstructure in two-phase materials as well as their more attractive properties, near-gamma alloys, which contain a small amount of second-phase alpha-two (Ti 3 Al) or ordered beta, are the most common...
Abstract
Titanium aluminides are lightweight materials that have relatively high melting points and good high-temperature strength. They also tend to be stronger and lighter than conventional titanium alloys, but considerably less ductile. This chapter begins with a review of the titanium-aluminum phase diagram, focusing on the properties, compositions, and microstructures of alpha-2 Ti3Al alloys. It then describes the properties, microstructures, and compositions of orthorhombic, gamma, and near-gamma alloys as well as the processing methods and procedures normally used in their production.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... amounts of titanium. The Boeing 777 uses 13,000 pounds of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al in the landing gear ( FIG. 9.10 ). Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is a beta alloy that is heat treated to 160,000 to 170,000 psi. Other alloys used in a variety of applications for this plane include commercially pure titanium, Ti-3Al-2½Sn, Ti-6Al...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the history of development of titanium and its modern applications in the aerospace market. It begins by discussing the attempts made to produce titanium metal. This is followed by a discussion on the invention of a process for making titanium by William Kroll. Various studies on the properties on titanium and research programs related to the production of titanium sponge and titanium metal products are then described. The chapter concludes with a discussion of titanium use in jet engines.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.9781627082600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... transformation temperature. Aluminum, oxygen, hydrogen, and other α-stabilizing elements increase the temperature at which α transforms to β. Beta stabilizers such as vanadium, tantalum, molybdenum, and niobium lower the transformation temperature, even causing β to be stable at room temperature. Finally...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.9781627083003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
..., there will be two or more x-ray lines for each shell. Typically the strongest line with the largest number of x-ray counts is called the alpha line, the next strongest is called the beta line, etc. Since an x-ray carries away one quantum of angular momentum, transitions between sub-shells with the same...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the most common micro-analytical technique in the failure analysis laboratory: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It discusses the general characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of some of the X-ray detectors attached to the scanning electron microscope chamber including the lithium-drifted EDS detector, silicon drift detector (SDD), and wavelength dispersive X-ray detector. The article then provides information on qualitative and quantitative X-ray analysis programs followed by a discussion on EDS elemental mapping. The discussion includes a comparison of scanning transmission electron microscope-EDS elemental mapping and mapping with an SDD. A brief section is devoted to the discussion on the artifacts that occur during X-ray mapping.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays are produced. Most of the energy in the impinging electron beam is transformed into heat, which must be dissipated. Severe restrictions are imposed on the design and selection of materials for the anode and target to ensure that structural damage from overheating does not...
Abstract
This chapter discusses radiography methods using x-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. It begins with a discussion on the applications and principles of radiography followed by sections providing information on the sources of radiation, classifications, and characteristics of x-ray tubes. Three primary attenuation processes of electromagnetic radiation, namely photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, are covered. The chapter then discusses the principles of shadow formation, the process involved in the conversion of radiation into a form suitable for observation, and the characteristics of x-ray film. It provides information on various exposure factors in film radiography. The chapter provides a description of the characteristics that differentiate neutron radiography from x-ray or gamma ray radiography. The application of neutron radiography is described in terms of its advantages for improved contrast on low atomic number materials, discrimination between isotopes, or inspection of radioactive specimens.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
Abstract
In forgings of both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the flaws that most often occur are caused by conditions that exist in the ingot, by subsequent hot working of the ingot or the billet, and by hot or cold working during forging. The inspection methods most commonly used to detect these flaws include visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the characteristics, process steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods. It also describes the flaws caused by the forging operation and the principal factors that influence the selection of a nondestructive inspection method for forgings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
Abstract
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part provides data and guidelines for selecting materials and processing routes. It compares the basic properties of metals, ceramics, and polymers, identifies important measures of performance, and discusses manufacturing processes and their compatibility with specific materials. The chapter then presents general guidelines for selecting lightweight materials, and concludes with a review of lightweight metals, plastics, and composites used in automotive applications.