This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of beta and near-beta titanium alloys. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (UNS R58030, Beta III); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (UNS R58640, Beta C and 38-6-44); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-10-2-3); Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (UNS R58010, Ti-13-11-3); Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn (Ti-15-3); Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.25Si (UNS R58210, TiMetal 21S and Beta 21S); Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe (Beta CEZ); Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-8823); Ti-15Mo-5Zr; Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al; Ti-11.5V-2Al-2Sn-11Zr (T129); Ti-12V-2.5Al-2Sn-6Zr (T134); Ti-13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr (T175); Ti-8V-5Fe-1Al; and Ti-16V-2.5Al.

Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.

This appendix provides datasheets describing the chemical composition, processing characteristics, mechanical and fabrication properties, and heat treating of various grades of alpha-beta titanium. Datasheets are provided for the following alloys: Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (UNS: R58650, Ti-17); Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (UNS R56260, Ti-6246); Ti-6Al-4V (UNS R56400) and Ti-6Al-4V ELI (UNS R56401); Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (UNS R56620, Ti-662); Ti-7Al-4Mo (UNS R56740); Ti-6Al-1.7Fe-0.1Si (TiMetal 62S); Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700); Ti-6Al-7Nb (IMI 367); Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si (IMI 550); Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si (IMI 551); Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si (Ti-6-22-22S); Ti-5Al-2.5Fe (DIN 3.7110, Tikrutan LT 35); and Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si (UNS R54560, Ti-5522-S).

Titanium is a lightweight metal used in a growing number of applications for its strength, toughness, stiffness, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high-temperature operating characteristics. This chapter discusses the applications, metallurgy, properties, compositions, and grades of commercially pure titanium and alpha and near-alpha, alpha-beta, and beta titanium alloys. It describes primary and secondary fabrication processes, including melting, forging, forming, heat treating, casting, machining, and joining as well as powder metallurgy and direct metal deposition. It also compares and contrasts the properties of wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium products and discusses corrosion behaviors.

This chapter provides practical information on the forming and forging processes used to manufacture titanium parts, including die forging, precision die forging, hot and cold forming, superplastic forming, and deep drawing. It explains how process variables such as temperature, pressure, and strain rate influence microstructure and properties and provides recommended ranges for commonly formed and forged titanium alloys.

This chapter examines the process, structure, and property relationships in titanium alloys. It provides information on microstructures and strengthening mechanisms, the role of alloy and interstitial elements, and the effect of composition, processing, and surface treatments on tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, hardness, ductility, and creep and fatigue behaviors. The chapter covers wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium alloys and contains an extensive amount of property data.

Titanium castings are used in a wide range of aerospace, chemical process, marine, biomedical, and automotive applications. This chapter provides an overview of titanium casting and associated processes and how they compare with other manufacturing methods. It also discusses the role heat treating and its effect on the tensile properties of different titanium alloys.

This article discusses the fusion welding processes that are most widely used for joining titanium, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, laser-beam welding, and electron-beam welding. It describes several important and interrelated aspects of welding phenomena that contribute to the overall understanding of titanium alloy welding metallurgy. These factors include alloy types, weldability, melting and solidification effects on weld microstructure, postweld heat treatment effects, structure/mechanical property/fracture relationships, and welding process application.