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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter reviews the development of filament winding systems and the automated processes used in state-of-the-art filament winding facilities. It first provides a description on the early stages of modern filament winding, followed by brief information on the advances...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of filament winding systems and the automated processes used in state-of-the-art filament winding facilities. It first provides a description on the early stages of modern filament winding, followed by brief information on the advances of filament winding in the computer age. Then, the chapter discusses the requirements for filament winding in manufacturing oil and gas industry components and in high-volume production of sporting goods, propane tanks, and curing ovens. The chapter concludes with examples of the versatility of filament winding in producing complex parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
...Abstract Abstract Because of its speed and ease of control, induction heating can be readily automated and integrated with other processing steps such as forming, quenching, and joining. Completely automated heating/handling/control systems have been developed and are offered by induction...
Abstract
Because of its speed and ease of control, induction heating can be readily automated and integrated with other processing steps such as forming, quenching, and joining. Completely automated heating/handling/control systems have been developed and are offered by induction equipment manufacturers. This chapter deals with materials handling and automation. First, it summarizes basic considerations such as generic system designs, fixture materials, and special electrical problems to be avoided. Next, it describes and provides examples of materials-handling systems in induction billet heating, bar heating, heat treatment, soldering, brazing, and other induction-based processes. The final section discusses the use of robots for parts handling in induction heating systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... within close limits for any operation. Therefore, the equipment can be simply integrated into an automated handling system once the part/coil location has been precisely determined. Process time can then usually be adjusted by means of power control or coil design to permit operations to mesh within...
Abstract
Induction heating is a rapid, efficient technique for producing localized or through heating in a wide range of industries. The economics as well as the technical feasibility of induction heating should be important considerations prior to investing in such a system. A number of cost elements enter into the analysis. These include equipment and energy costs, production lot size and ease of automation, material savings, labor costs, and maintenance requirements. This chapter discusses each of these factors. It compares the cost elements of induction heating with those of its main competitor, gas-fired furnace heating. Several typical examples are provided to illustrate the economic considerations in design and application of induction heating processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
..., and how NDI can be used to detect flaws in composite parts, will be covered. Nondestructive inspection methods range from simple visual inspections to very sophisticated automated systems with extensive data-handling capabilities. It should be noted that composites are generally more difficult to inspect...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of nondestructive inspection methods, including visual, ultrasonic, radiographic, and thermographic techniques, and the types of flaws and damages they can reveal in composite parts and assemblies. It describes the basic principles behind each method along with best practices and procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... requirements became more formalized as knowledge of likely deterioration mechanisms improved and as plant failures became better understood. This led to the setting of standard periods of inspection for a range of plant equipment, largely triggered by instances of boiler and steam system failures...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... is very smooth. A typical fine blanking press is required to: Generate three forces: (a) the blanking force, (b) the ring indenter (V-ring) force, and (c) the counterforce Rigidify the frame with precise guides Control ram movement Have a tool safety system Have automation systems...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and operation of hydraulic presses. It begins by describing the role of each major component in a hydraulic system. It then explains the difference between pump-driven and accumulator-driven presses and the types of applications for which are suited. The chapter goes on to describe the load, energy, and time-dependent characteristics of hydraulic presses and the factors that determine accuracy. It also explains how hydraulic presses are used for deep drawing, fine blanking, and hydroforming as well as warm forming and hot stamping operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... into the gear cutting line. A variety of small helical and spiral gear pinions and planetary gears are nitrided. This system can also be built into a robotic handling system, completely automating the process line (though only with a single product line, generally automotive components). Such automated systems...
Abstract
Ion nitriding equipment can be categorized into two groups: cold-wall continuous direct current (dc) equipment and hot-wall pulsed dc equipment. This chapter focuses on these two categories along with other important considerations for ion (plasma) nitriding equipment and processing. Other important considerations discussed include the hollow cathode effect, sputter cleaning, furnace loading, pressure/voltage relationships, workpiece masking, and furnace configuration options. The chapter describes five methods of cooling parts from the process temperature to an acceptable exposure temperature after plasma nitriding. The chapter also presents some of the advantages of the pulsed plasma process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... significantly affected. Flame hardening can be as simple as an operator with a torch or can consist of automated systems equipped with quench jets that follow right behind the torches. The torch can also be used to temper the martensite. Many variations are used, ranging from hand-held torches to automated...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the process characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various processes involved in surface hardening of steel. These include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, vacuum carburizing, plasma carburizing, gas nitriding, liquid nitriding, carbonitriding, and hardfacing. The chapter describes two surface hardening processes by localized heat treatment: flame hardening and induction hardening. It also briefly summarizes other surface hardening processes, namely, aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, titanium carbide coatings, and boronizing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... the years. Millions of castings have been produced and are still being successfully produced today. The system is highly automated and includes core-setting (using core masks) and automated pouring, which needs very little human intervention. Figure 3.4 ( Ref 1 ) is an example of vertically parted...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... are executed in series to mill a lamella (B). The “X” shaped pattern labeled “DC Mark” is used as a reference fiducial for drift correction between each pattern. Figure 22 An array of lamella milled by the FIB, using an automated sample preparation routine. Figure 23 3D plot of centers...
Abstract
With the commercialization of heavier and lighter ion beams, adoption of focused ion beam (FIB) use for analysis of challenging regions of interest (ROI) has grown. In this chapter, the authors focus on highlighting commercially available and complementary FIB technologies and their implementation challenges and application trends.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... and is therefore covered in Chapter 10, “Discontinuous-Fiber Composites.” 5.0 Lay-up Processes 5.1 Wet Lay-Up 5.2 Prepreg Lay-Up 5.3 Low-Temperature Curing/Vacuum Bag Systems 5.4 Filament Winding 5.5 Liquid Molding 5.6 Resin Film Infusion 5.7 Pultrusion References References 1...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the many and varied thermoset composite fabrication processes and the types of applications for which they were developed. It describes wet lay-up, prepreg lay-up, and low-temperature vacuum bag curing prepreg processes, which are best suited for low-volume, medium-sized and larger parts. It also discusses filament winding and preforming processes (including weaving, knitting, stitching, and braiding) in addition to resin-transfer molding, resin film infusion, and pultrusion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Tool Handheld Scribers Benchtop Scribing Tools (Manual, Semi or Fully Automated) Tabletop Back Scribing Method (Mechanical, Manual) Alternative Ways to Create an Edge Weak Point Benchtop Scribing Systems Downsizing Sample Post Cross-Sectioning What is a 3-Point Cleave? How...
Abstract
Cross-sectioning refers to the process of exposing the internal layers and printed devices below the surface by cleaving through the wafer. This article discusses in detail the steps involved in common cross-sectioning methods. These include sample preparation, scribing, indenting, and cleaving. The article also provides information on options for mounting, handling, and cleaning of samples during and after the cleaving process. The general procedures, tools required, and considerations that need to be taken into account to perform these techniques are considered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... at high stroking rates. However, in presses with capacities up to a nominal force of 560 tonf (5000 kN), such as universal or blanking presses used for trimming, eccentric or crank drive is still the most effective drive system. This is especially true when using automated systems where the eccentric...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and operation of forging presses and hammers. It covers the most common types of presses, including hydraulic, mechanical, and screw presses, explaining how they work and comparing and contrasting their load and displacement profiles, stroke lengths, ram velocities, and energy and stiffness requirements. It also includes information on gravity- and power-drop hammers and where and how they are typically used.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... Control of ancillary components is now common so that there can be automated mandrel placement, automatic tie-on and cut-off, automated loading of wet fiber-covered mandrels into the curing oven, and finally, automated extraction. The new machine systems have allowed pipe manufacturers the ability to wind...
Abstract
Most filament winding machines now have computer controls and at least three axes. Winding with four axes is increasingly common because the shapes of the products have evolved to include more complexity. The automation used on the winding machine and ancillary components does not eliminate the need for proper fiber handling. This chapter is a primer on modern filament winding equipment and its use, starting with an overview of machine control and then discussing the design and structural analysis of filament wound components such as pressure vessels, pipes, grid structures, deep sea oil platform drill risers, high-speed rotors, and filament-wound preforms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... operation that need to be engineered. The variability is addressed by engineering equipment and systems for correction, most often by automation and partially with intervention. Resolutions are addressed below. 14.3.1.1 Sand Coolers Many casting facilities are designed to include return sand coolers...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key elements in controlling the casting process, systems to confirm the quality of outgoing components, and the steps needed to launch a novel product. The discussion also provides information on process control tools and techniques; incoming material control; process control of sand preparation and system maintenance; metallic charge materials; product quality control; and melting, metallurgical, and mechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... of and pouring systems in GPM. The influences of mold coatings on GPM and low pressure permanent mold castings are described. The chapter also discusses various processes involved in the engineering of core boxes and cooling of GPM for casting integrity and cycle time control. It provides information on some...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various factors pertinent to gravity permanent mold (GPM) castings, along with their advantages, limitations, and significance. The discussion covers the geometric factors, process and manufacturing elements, gating practices, and feeding principles of and pouring systems in GPM. The influences of mold coatings on GPM and low pressure permanent mold castings are described. The chapter also discusses various processes involved in the engineering of core boxes and cooling of GPM for casting integrity and cycle time control. It provides information on some of the processes involved in post-casting operations, namely de-coring and de-gating. The key design aspects for consideration in water quenching during the T6 heat treatment are reviewed. The chapter also provides information on two critical cycle events important in engineering at the manufacturing facility: tipper cycle planning and table or cell cycle planning.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
.... Test Conf. , 2003 , pp. 1014 - 1022 . [28] Abramovici M. , Breuer M. and Friedman A. , Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design, IEEE , 1998 . [29] Eichelberger E. and Williams T. , “ A Logic Design Structure for LSI Testability, ” Design Automation Conf...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of microprocessor and application specific integrated circuit (IC) testing. It begins with a description of key industry trends that will impact how ICs will be tested in the future. Next, it provides a brief description of the most common tests applied in the IC industry, where technical issues that are causing methodology changes are emphasized. These include functional testing, structural testing, scan-based delay testing, built-in self-testing, memory testing, analog circuit testing, system-on-a-chip testing, and reliability testing. Trends discussed have driven the development of novel focus areas in test and the chapter discusses several of those areas, including test data volume containment, test power containment, and novel methods of defect-based test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... immediately under the surface. Therefore, a testing system using the entire cross-section with higher efficiency has been sought. Higher efficiency has been attained by incorporating an automated ultrasonic flaw detection system with probes for each face of the material to detect separately the flaws...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inspection of steel bars for the detection and evaluation of flaws. The principles involved also apply, for the most part, to the inspection of steel wire. The nondestructive inspection methods discussed include magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection. Eddy current and magnetic permeability are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
.... The part may range in degree of sophistication from a simple locator (as in Fig. 6 ) to a completely automated positioning and indexing system. The entire induction-hardening operation may be fully automated and controlled. For the most efficient heating, the work should be surrounded by the coil...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in heat treating of stainless steels, providing information on the classification, chemical compositions, and corrosion resistance of stainless steels. Five groups of stainless steels are discussed: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation-hardening, and duplex grades. The chapter also describes the heat treatment conditions that should be followed for processing of stainless steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... the press (i.e., stroke, shutheight, counterbalance pressure). To speed up the die-changing process, automation is required in the clamping and moving of dies ( Ref 9.31 ). A typical setup for a small press is illustrated in Fig. 9.20 . Fig. 9.20 Quick die change system installed on a small gap...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and application of sheet forming presses. The discussion covers critical variables and design parameters, key components, basic machine configurations, and energy and load requirements. The chapter also discusses time-dependent characteristics, dimensional accuracy, and stiffness as well as die change procedures.