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(a) The relation between mutual solid solubility and atomic radius differen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 3.20 (a) The relation between mutual solid solubility and atomic radius difference in Fe-X system. (b) Microstructure of alloys produced by mechanical alloying. Source: Ref 15
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Book Chapter
Properties of Elements
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... Abstract This appendix contains a table listing the symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, melting temperature, density, atomic radius, and crystal structure of various elements. chemical elements atomic number atomic weight density atomic radius Elementary Materials Science William...
Abstract
This appendix contains a table listing the symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, melting temperature, density, atomic radius, and crystal structure of various elements.
Book Chapter
Crystalline Imperfections—Problems and Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
... in the periodic table. Do not consider gaseous elements as well as P and S because they cause embrittlement. What are the likely candidate elements? Hint: Use the atomic radii of elements website; for metallic elements, use the radius for metals; for others, use the single-bond covalent radius values: https...
Abstract
This chapter provides readers with worked solutions to more than 25 problems related to compositional impurities and structural defects. The problems deal with important issues and challenges such as the design of low-density steels, the causes and effects of distortion in different crystal structures, the ability to predict the movement of dislocations, the influence of impurities on defects, the relationship between gain size and material properties, the identification of specific types of defects, the selection of compatible metals for vacuum environments, and the effect of twinning planes on stacking sequences. The chapter also includes problems on how the formation of precipitates can produce slip planes and how grain boundaries can act as obstacles to dislocation motion.
Book Chapter
Crystalline System Calculations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240625
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... commonly used since it is easier to visualize all of the atoms. Fig. B.1 Simple cubic structure The relationship between the atomic radius ( r ) and the lattice constant ( a ) is shown in Fig. B.1 and is equal to: (Eq B.1) a = 2 r Another important value is the number...
Abstract
This appendix explains how to calculate atomic packing factors, lattice parameters, and coordination numbers for cubic crystal structures, including simple, body-centered, and face-centered cubic systems. It also addresses hexagonal close-packed systems.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.9781627083898
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
Book Chapter
Crystal Structure Defects and Imperfections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
... and microstructural defects that make modern advanced materials possible. Solid Solutions Copper has a face-centered cubic structure. Its atomic radius is 0.128 nm. Consider introducing nickel impurities into copper. Nickel has the same face-centered cubic structure and its atomic radius is 0.125 nm, almost...
Abstract
Alloying, heat treating, and work hardening are widely used to control material properties, and though they take different approaches, they all focus on imperfections of one type or other. This chapter provides readers with essential background on these material imperfections and their relevance in design and manufacturing. It begins with a review of compositional impurities, the physical arrangement of atoms in solid solution, and the factors that determine maximum solubility. It then describes different types of structural imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning planes, and dislocation passage through precipitates. It also points out important structure-property correlations.
Book Chapter
Element Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... Abstract This appendix provides crystal structure and property data for alloying elements used in superalloys. alloying elements atomic radius atomic weight density interatomic distance lattice constant melting point Properties of common superalloy alloying elements Table B.1...
Abstract
This appendix provides crystal structure and property data for alloying elements used in superalloys.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.9781627082518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.9781627082969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
Book Chapter
Symbols, Abbreviations, and Intermetallic Phase Designations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... nearest neighbors on crystal surface N v number of the atom’s nearest neighbors in crystal volume R universal gas constant r cr critical radius of spherical grain, nucleus r d radius of the crystallization front (paraboloid, sphere, dendrite tip) r i atomic radius...
Abstract
This appendix lists the intermetallic phase designations of aluminum-silicon casting alloys and defines symbols and abbreviations associated with the variables, processes, and tools used in microstructural examination.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Nucleation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... a close-packed cluster. (The number of atoms on the outermost layer exceeds 50% of the total composing atoms in a smaller cluster than the type of a regular icosahedron of i = 6.) Because the change in free energy is upward while the radius is less than r c , the new phase particle...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the fundamentals of classical nucleation theory, with application examples. The discussion covers the basic subjects of nucleation, spontaneous nucleation in solution, nucleation by inoculation, and nucleation in solids.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Diffusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... of precipitated particles (θ phase) can be expressed by a t rule. [Answer] When a spherical particle of radius r grows at a rate of dr/dt , the balance between the flux of B atoms absorbed in the particle and that of B atoms supplied by diffusion from the side of α phase can be expressed...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the Brownian motion, diffusion coefficient , and Fick's diffusion laws. It presents a review of solid phase diffusion and discusses the mechanism of diffusion and diffusion coefficient.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Interfaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... of Cu liquid droplets with radius r = 0.01 μm is Δ T = –18.7 K lower than the usual boiling point ( Fig. 5.5a ). Fig. 5.5 Boiling point depression and elevation of boiling pressure by atomization. (a) At constant pressure (P = ordinary pressure). (b) At constant temperature (T = boiling point...
Abstract
This chapter considers various behaviors of microstructural interfaces from a thermodynamics viewpoint. It discusses energy of surface and interface, the Gibbs-Thomson Effect, grain-boundary segregation, smooth and rough interfaces, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... solute atoms. chemical potential free energy regular solution model sublattice model Combining a metal and an oxide, previously thought to be “unmixable,” is now possible using new technologies of sputtering and mechanical alloying. New kinds of combined materials have been created one...
Abstract
This chapter explains the idea of solution theory and the nature of mixed materials. The chapter considers approximation of free energy by the regular solution model and sublattice model. It discusses chemical potential and nonrandom distribution based on the interactions between solute atoms.
Book Chapter
Solid Solutions and Phase Transformations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... compounds that do not fall into any of the three groups. Interstitial Compounds These are compounds of transition metals with carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron; the interstitial atomic radius must be less than 2/3 that of the transition metal atom. These compounds are hard and have very high...
Abstract
This chapter describes the physical characteristics, properties, and behaviors of solid solutions under equilibrium conditions. It begins with a review of a single-component pure metal system and its unary phase diagram. It then examines the solid solution formed by copper and nickel atoms. It discusses the difference between interstitial and substitutional solid solutions and the factors that determine the type of solution that two metals are likely to form. It also addresses the development of intermediate phases, the role of free energy, transformation kinetics, liquid-to-solid and solid-state phase transformations, and the allotropic nature of metals.
Image
Model of (a) the body-centered cubic and (b) the face-centered cubic crysta...
Available to Purchase
in The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagrams
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 2-2 Model of (a) the body-centered cubic and (b) the face-centered cubic crystal structures. The calculation of the difference in volume for the two structures is shown, where it is assumed that the atoms are spheres and have the same radius in both structures. The close-packed face
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Image
The formation of precipitation nuclei or clusters of Cu-Co system by aging ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 8.15 The formation of precipitation nuclei or clusters of Cu-Co system by aging treatment. See text for details of process. (a) Phase diagram. (b) Free-energy diagram (T = T 2 ). (c) Critical radius (r c ) and the nucleation rate (I). (d) Generation of precipitation nuclei and clusters
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Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Microstructure Change
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... corners of γ phase of Fe-C system grow by excluding C atoms ( Fig. 9.8b , upper). Therefore, the extended radius of α phase can be approximated similarly to the equation for diffusion-controlled precipitation ( Eq 9.13 ). (Eq 9.22) ( r α ) e x = [ 2 D C γ F e...
Abstract
This chapter provides a classification of the types of microstructural changes and transformations and then reviews each type. It presents the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation and explains the thermodynamics of eutectic solidification and eutectoid transformation. An appendix covers growth of eutectoid structure in carburized pearlite.
Book Chapter
Review of Metallic Structure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... in contact, is the more realistic of the two, the point model is more commonly used because it is easier to visualize all of the atoms. Fig. A.15 Simple cubic structure. Source: Ref A.1 The relationship between the atomic radius, r , and the lattice constant, a , is shown in Fig. A.15...
Abstract
This appendix provides a detailed overview of the crystal structure of metals. It describes primary bonding mechanisms, space lattices and crystal systems, unit cell parameters, slip systems, and crystallographic planes and directions as well as plastic deformation mechanisms, crystalline imperfections, and the formation of surface or planar defects. It also discusses the use of X-ray diffraction for determining crystal structure.
Book Chapter
Strengthening Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... elimination of grain boundaries with the single-crystal superalloys. 3.1 Solid-Solution Hardening Solid-solution hardening is the attainment of an increase in matrix strength by the addition of a different soluble element. The distortion of the atomic lattice caused by the misfit of atomic radius...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the metallurgical changes that occur and the improvements that can be achieved in superalloys through solid-solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion strengthening. It also explains how further improvements can be achieved through the control of grain structure, as in columnar-grained alloys, or by the elimination of grain boundaries as with single-crystal superalloys.
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