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ammonia
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 21.41 Ammonia concentration in ammonia-hydrogen mixtures and temperature ranges for the formation of various Fe-N phases. Source: Ref 21.72
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.27 (Part 1) Case carburizing: gas carburizing in an ammonia-containing atmosphere. 0.15% C (0.17C-0.05Si-0.64Mn, wt%). (a) and (b) Gas carburized at 880 °C for 3.25 h; 5% ammonia added during last hour, sealed quench in oil. Direct from carburizing furnace; tempered at 150 °C
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.27 (Part 2) Case carburizing: gas carburizing in an ammonia-containing atmosphere. 0.15% C (0.17C-0.05Si-0.64Mn, wt%). (a) and (b) Gas carburized at 880 °C for 3.25 h; 5% ammonia added during last hour, sealed quench in oil. Direct from carburizing furnace; tempered at 150 °C
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Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 4.26 Nitriding depth of Type 304SS in ammonia (100% in the inlet gas and 60% in the exhaust) at 525 °C (980 °F) as a function of exposure time. Source: Ref 4
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in Sintering and Corrosion Resistance
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 5.52 Auger composition-depth profile of 316L sintered in dissociated ammonia and slowly furnace cooled. Note chromium and nitrogen enrichment on surface. Source: Ref 28 . Reprinted with permission from MPIF, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ
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Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 1 Simple schematic arrangement of an ammonia gas nitriding system. A, bulk storage tank; B, gas nitriding furnace; C, gas dissociation test station; D, exhaust to atmosphere. Source: Pye Metallurgical Consulting Inc.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 3 Illustration of the ammonia molecule 2NH 3 and its decomposition
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Image
Published: 31 December 2020
Fig. 8 Increase in end-quench hardenability by adding ammonia to the carburizing atmosphere. These curves were obtained under the following processing conditions: 3 hour treatment time at 840 °C (1550 °F), water quench; furnace atmospheres: 90% endothermic carrier gas, 10% natural gas under
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Image
in Mechanical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 7.10 Fatigue curves for two dissociated-ammonia-sintered ferritic stainless steels; parenthetical. Sintered densities of 403N2 and 434N2 were 7.04 and 7.07 g/cm 3 , respectively. Sintered densities of 430N29 and 434N29 were 7.27 and 7.24 g/cm 3 , respectively. Sintering temperature
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Image
Published: 30 April 2024
Fig. 3.14 Simplified schematic of an ammonia dissociator. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 30 April 2024
Fig. 7.3 Effect of ammonia additions on nitrogen and carbon potentials determined using low-carbon steel foil for three sets of conditions: solid lines, 3 h at 850 °C (1560 °F) and 0.29% CO 2 ; broken lines, 1 h at 925 °C (1695 °F) and 0.13% CO 2 ; dashed lines, 1 h at 950 °C (1740 °F
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Image
Published: 30 April 2024
Fig. 7.9 Effect of ammonia content of carbonitriding gas on hardness gradient: 1018 steel carbonitrided at (a) 790 °C (1455 °F) for 2.5 h and (b) 845 °C (1550 °F) for 2.5 h. Source: Ref 2
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Image
Published: 30 April 2024
Fig. 7.10 Effect of ammonia additions on nitrogen content and formation of subsurface voids in foils. (a) 850 °C (1560 °F) 0.29% CO 2 . (b) 925 °C (1695 °F) 0.13% CO 2 . (c) 950 °C (1740 °F) 0.10% CO 2 . Source: Ref 2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... and design. It also covers the processes involved in the construction and maintenance of retorts, methods for sealing a retort to prevent ammonia leaks, and safety precautions to be taken while using ammonia. Further, the chapter provides information on the factors for choosing a heating medium and discusses...
Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of nitriding furnace equipment and control systems. The discussion covers the essential design criteria of the furnace, types of nitriding furnaces, insulation for the reduction of furnace heat losses, and factors influencing furnace configuration and design. It also covers the processes involved in the construction and maintenance of retorts, methods for sealing a retort to prevent ammonia leaks, and safety precautions to be taken while using ammonia. Further, the chapter provides information on the factors for choosing a heating medium and discusses the processes involved in controlling temperature, gas dissociation, oxygen probes, and nitriding sensors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... ammonia is used, distortion, and preheat treatment. ammonia distortion gas dissociation nitriding nitrogen liberation preheat treatment SEVERAL PROCESS PARAMETERS must be considered in order to ensure nitriding success in terms of metallurgy and distortion: Nitrogen source Heat...
Abstract
Several process parameters must be considered to ensure success in achieving desired metallurgical properties and to minimize distortion. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the liberation of nitrogen, dissociation of the gas at the selected nitriding temperature, why ammonia is used, distortion, and preheat treatment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
.... The process is done by introducing ammonia (NH 3 ) during carburization so that nitrogen atoms are available to enter and diffuse into the surface. Nitrogen in the case has several beneficial effects. Small amounts facilitate carbon diffusion and dissolution in iron, with some increase in hardness ( Fig. 7.1...
Abstract
Carbonitriding introduces and diffuses atomic nitrogen into the surface steel during carburization. This chapter focuses on case composition of a carbonitrided case, case depth, case hardenability, hardness gradients, void formation, and applications of carbonitriding. The chapter discusses furnaces suitable for carbonitriding, atmosphere constituents, batch furnace atmospheres, continuous furnace atmospheres, safety, temperature selection, quenching, tempering, and hardness testing of a carbonitrided case.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
.... It provides images and data describing the nitridation process and its effects on metals and alloys in high-temperature air as well as NH3-H2O, NH3 and H2-N2-NH3, and N2 environments. It also includes test data showing that nitridation is more severe in a nitrogen atmosphere than an ammonia environment...
Abstract
Oxidation usually dominates high-temperature corrosion reactions, but under certain conditions, some alloys may be affected by nitridation as well. This chapter explains why nitridation occurs and how it attacks various metals, in some cases, penetrating deeper than oxidation. It provides images and data describing the nitridation process and its effects on metals and alloys in high-temperature air as well as NH3-H2O, NH3 and H2-N2-NH3, and N2 environments. It also includes test data showing that nitridation is more severe in a nitrogen atmosphere than an ammonia environment at 1090 °C (2000 °F).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... Abstract Nitriding is a surface hardening heat treatment that introduces nitrogen into the surface of steel while it is in the ferritic condition. Gas nitriding using ammonia as the nitrogen-carrying species is the most commonly employed process and is emphasized in this chapter. Nitriding...
Abstract
Nitriding is a surface hardening heat treatment that introduces nitrogen into the surface of steel while it is in the ferritic condition. Gas nitriding using ammonia as the nitrogen-carrying species is the most commonly employed process and is emphasized in this chapter. Nitriding produces a wear- and fatigue-resistant surface on gear teeth and is used in applications where gears are not subjected to high shock loads or contact stress. It is useful for gears that need to maintain their surface hardness at elevated temperatures. Gears used in industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications are commonly nitrided. This chapter discusses the processes involved in gas, controlled, and ion nitriding.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Abstract This chapter addresses the issue of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon and low-alloy steels. It discusses crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in aqueous chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydroxide, ammonia, nitrate, ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen gas...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon and low-alloy steels. It discusses crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in aqueous chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydroxide, ammonia, nitrate, ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen gas environments. It explains how composition and microstructure influence SCC, as do mechanical properties such as strength and fracture toughness and processes such as welding and cold work. It also discusses the role of materials selection and best practices for welding.
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