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aging response curves
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
...Abstract Abstract This data set presents aging response curves for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys. The aging response curves are of two types: room-temperature, or "natural," curves and artificial, or "high-temperature," curves. The curves in each group are presented in the numeric...
Abstract
This data set presents aging response curves for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys. The aging response curves are of two types: room-temperature, or "natural," curves and artificial, or "high-temperature," curves. The curves in each group are presented in the numeric sequence of the casting alloy designation. The curves included are the results of measurements on individual lots considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers. The properties considered are yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and Brinell hardness.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... are required. Hardness curves are provided for many of the alloys. The hardness values are from corresponding aging response studies in which measurements were made on individual lots considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers. aluminum casting alloys brinell hardness growth curves...
Abstract
This data set contains approximately 50 growth curves for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys at various temperatures. Growth curves are used to determine the dimensional changes that must be anticipated during service in applications where close dimensional tolerances are required. Hardness curves are provided for many of the alloys. The hardness values are from corresponding aging response studies in which measurements were made on individual lots considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... in Fig. 3.5 , is the highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain. It is obtained by observing the deviation from the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve. Examples of natural and artificial aging response curves are shown in Fig. 3.29 and 3.30 , respectively...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness. The strengthening mechanisms covered are solid-solution strengthening, cold working, and dispersion strengthening. The effect of grain size on the yield strength of a material is also discussed.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
.... Age cycle: 540 °C (1000 °F) for 8 h Cooling rate from the solution temperature has an important effect on the aging response of titanium alloys. This is even more critical in weakly beta-stabilized systems where transformation of the beta phase occurs more readily during a quench. The effect...
Abstract
Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... Fig. 2 Hardness as a function of annealing temperature for pure copper and a Cu-5Zn alloy, using three different annealing times. Both materials were originally cold rolled at 25 °C (75 °F) to a 60% reduction in thickness. Source: Ref 2 Fig. 4 Schematic aging curve and microstructure...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of heat treating of nonferrous alloys. First, a brief discussion on the effects of cold work and annealing on nonferrous alloys is presented. This is followed by a discussion on the mechanisms involved in the more commonly used heat treating procedures for hardening or strengthening, namely solution treating and aging. Examples are presented for heat treating of two commercially important nonferrous alloys, one from the aluminum-copper system and one from the copper-beryllium system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
..., if tensile data are used to understand and predict metallurgical response during the deformation associated with fabrication processes, true stress-true strain relationships are preferred. Fig. 23 Comparison of engineering and true stress-strain curves The deformation that may be accommodated...
Abstract
The tensile test provides a relatively easy, inexpensive technique for developing mechanical property data for the selection, qualification, and utilization of metals and alloys in engineering service. The tensile test requires interpretation, and interpretation requires a knowledge of the factors that influence the test results. This chapter provides a metallurgical perspective for such interpretation. The topics covered include elastic behavior, anelasticity, damping, proportional limit, yield point, ultimate strength, toughness, ductility, strain hardening, and yielding and the onset of plasticity. The chapter describes the effects of grain size on yielding, effect of cold work on hardness and strength, and effects of temperature and strain-rate on the properties of metals and alloys. It provides information on true stress-strain relationships and special tests developed to measure the effects of test/specimen conditions. Finally, the chapter covers the characterization of tensile fractures of ductile metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
.... The aging response, or rate of property change as a function of time at peak strength, is also of interest. The flatter curves associated with lower aging temperatures allow greater tolerance in the effects of time/temperature variations. Unlike solution heat treatment, the time required to reach aging...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... resistance, and discontinuous plastic flow. The discontinuous plastic flow produces serrations in stress-strain curves, and in view of early work is referred to as the Portevin-LeChatelier effect ( Ref 18.6 ). Dynamic strain aging and serrated stress-strain curves are well known in low-carbon steels...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... and aging regimens are imposed to achieve selected mechanical properties. Stress relieving and annealing may be employed to prevent preferential chemical attack in some corrosive environments, to prevent distortion, and to condition the metal for subsequent forming and fabricating operations. Response...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of heat treating on titanium alloys and the influence of time and temperature on critical properties and behaviors. It explains how heat treatments are used to make titanium stronger, tougher, more ductile, and easier to machine as well as more resistant to the effects of corrosion and thermal and mechanical fatigue. It describes accepted practices for stress relieving, aging, annealing, and post-treatment processing along with associated challenges and concerns.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... chromatography has been used to study the composition of resin formulations ( Ref 1 , 17 ), materials in the electronics field ( Ref 18 – 21 ), resin structure ( Ref 22 – 25 ), aging and resin advancement ( Ref 26 – 28 ), and thermoset cure kinetics ( Ref 29 – 31 ). It has also been used as an on-line process...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterization techniques used for analyzing the physical behavior and chemical composition of thermoset resins, namely chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The main purpose is to give sufficient detail to permit the reader understand a particular test technique and its value to the thermoset resin field. Epoxy resins are emphasized in the examples because they dominate the airframe and aerospace industries. The article also provides information on two categories of characterization of the processing behavior of thermoset. The first studies the thermal properties of reactive thermoset systems, while the second utilizes these thermal characteristics as the basis for monitoring and control during processing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing...
Abstract
This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... for structures prior to aging of tempered martensite and of tempered bainite. (From B.L. Eyre, B.C. Edwards, and J.M. Tichmarsh, p 246 in Advances in Physical Metallurgy with Applications to Steels , The Metals Society, London (1982), Ref 34 ) Fig. 5-34 Tempering curves of some alloy steels compare...
Abstract
This chapter first examines the tempering behavior of plain carbon steels and then that of alloy steels. Next, some correlations are examined which allow estimations of the tempered hardness from the chemical compositions, tempering temperature and tempering time. The chapter then describes the effect of tempering on the mechanical properties of plain carbon steels and the microstructure of plain carbon steels. It shows examples of the structure of plain carbon steels. Additionally, the chapter explains the stages and kinetics of tempering in alloy steels and plain carbon steels. It also describes some methods of estimating the hardness. Finally, the chapter discusses the important problem of temper embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... often shows transition to a long, upward sweep of creep rate, with only a point of inflection for the secondary period. Aging of normalized and tempered 0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel during creep under 80 MPa (11.6 ksi) stress at 565 °C (1050 °F) has been reported to cause the creep curve to effectively...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.9781627083027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... treatable aluminum alloys behave similarly, but the precipitates are, of course, different. The progression of particle growth during the aging process is shown schematically in Fig. 9.10 , and a series of aging curves for an Al-4%Cu alloy is shown in Fig. 9.11 . Reactions carried out beyond maximum...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... with a change in crystal structure. Figure 3.5 shows the cooling curve for pure iron. As shown in this figure, the pure iron isothermally transforms from the liquid to solid state at 1539 °C (2802 °F). From 1539 to 1400 °C (2802 to 2550 °F) δ-iron is present and has a bcc structure. At 1400 °C...
Abstract
This chapter describes the metallurgy, composition, and properties of steels and other alloys. It provides information on the atomic structure of metals, the nature of alloy phases, and the mechanisms involved in phase transformations, including time-temperature effects and the role of diffusion, nucleation, and growth. It also discusses alloying, heat treating, and defect formation and briefly covers condenser tube materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of time-dependent fatigue parameters such as frequency, waveform, and load history should be factored into the fatigue analysis. The S - N response curves for rotating beam fatigue strength of unnotched aluminum alloys tend to level out as the number of applied cycles approaches 500 million...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...% while ductility remains unchanged. Also, there can be a slight variation in strength after aging treatment. The key to aging response is the ability to cool all section locations to produce a fine martensitic structure before aging. See the section “Alpha-Beta Alloy Hardenability”. Aging of titanium...
Abstract
This chapter examines the process, structure, and property relationships in titanium alloys. It provides information on microstructures and strengthening mechanisms, the role of alloy and interstitial elements, and the effect of composition, processing, and surface treatments on tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, hardness, ductility, and creep and fatigue behaviors. The chapter covers wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium alloys and contains an extensive amount of property data.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... taken with a differential scanning calorimeter at a heating rate of 10 °C/min (18 °F/min). The area under the curve represents the difference in enthalpy between initial and final temperatures. The area difference between that of the quenched sample (0 time) and that for a particular aging time gives...
Abstract
In an attempt to explain the stresses encountered in the plastics industry, this article first defines the different types of internal stresses in amorphous polymers. Each type of thermal stress is then discussed in detail, with reference to the mechanism of generation and the effect on engineering properties. Methods of detecting and measuring internal stresses are also presented. The article then describes the combined effects of thermal stresses and orientation that result from processing conditions. Finally, it discusses numerous aspects of physical aging and the use of high-modulus graphite fibers in amorphous polymers.