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Book Chapter
Rough Grinding and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... and process variables for sample preparation. Then, the chapter discusses the processes of abrasive sizing for grinding and rough polishing. Next, it provides a summary of grinding methods, rough polishing, and final polishing. Finally, information on common polishing artifacts that can result from any...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of mounted specimens are required to prepare the composite sample for optical analysis. This chapter describes these techniques for preparing composite materials. First, it provides information on grinding and polishing equipment and describes the processes and process variables for sample preparation. Then, the chapter discusses the processes of abrasive sizing for grinding and rough polishing. Next, it provides a summary of grinding methods, rough polishing, and final polishing. Finally, information on common polishing artifacts that can result from any of the steps is provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... recipe for many metallic alloy and ceramic thermal spray coatings. Sample size: 25 mm (1 in.) diameter Step Surface Coolant/lubricant Abrasive size (FEPA) Force per sample, N Time (min) Rotation speed 1 SiC paper Water 120 (P120) or 180 (P180) 35 1 250 2 SiC paper Water 240...
Abstract
This article presents best practices for the metallographic preparation of specimens produced via thermal spray coating methods. It outlines typical metallographic preparation process flow, highlighting important considerations for obtaining a clear and representative specimen suitable for characterization via examination techniques, such as optical or electron microscopy. The process flow includes preliminary resin infiltration, sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing. To aid in the identification and resolution of common issues during subsequent specimen analysis, the article presents common issues, along with causes and mitigation strategies. It describes the processes involved in the interpretation of the thermal spray coating microstructure.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
..., and these can be removed by proper grinding and polishing practices. For this reason, the initial planar grinding step is typically longer compared to grinding wrought materials. The grinding abrasive size is also typically finer than those used for wrought materials. One industry practice suggests a removal...
Abstract
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied using thermal spray coating (TSC) processes to components that are internally cooled and operated in a heated environment. The TSC microstructures are prone to interactions with common metallographic procedures that may result in artifacts and misinterpretation of the TSC microstructure. This article aims to aid in identifying metallographic TSC artifacts, specifically in the air plasma spray zirconia-based TBC, including both of its common constituents, the bond coating and the top coating. Artifacts that result from specific sectioning and mounting practices, as well as from different polishing times, are presented. Additionally, the article discusses the factors in optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy that affect microstructure interpretation.
Book Chapter
Metallography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... is to be examined. However, because abrasive grinding and polishing steps also produce damage, where the depth of damage decreases with decreasing abrasive size, the preparation sequence must be carefully planned and performed. Otherwise, preparation induced artifacts will be interpreted as structural elements...
Abstract
This chapter describes the methods and equipment applicable to metallographic studies and discusses the preparation of specimens for examination by light optical microscopy. Five major operations for preparation of metallographic specimens are discussed: sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The discussion covers their basic principles, advantages, types, and applications, as well as the equipment setup. The chapter includes tables that list etchants used for microscopic examination. It also provides information on microscopic examination, microphotography, and the effects of grain size on the structural properties of the material.
Book Chapter
Specimen Preparation for Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... in this section. Consumable abrasive cutoff wheels use either silicon carbide for cutting nonferrous metals or aluminum oxide (alumina) for cutting ferrous metals. Some users also prefer alumina wheels for cutting aluminum, chromium, nickel, and tantalum. The abrasive grain size can be coarse or fine. Coarse...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes and cures. It also provides recommendations for handling specific materials and addresses safety concerns.
Image
Abrasive wear volume at various loads and SiC abrasive papers as a function...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2003
Fig. 5 Abrasive wear volume at various loads and SiC abrasive papers as a function of volume fraction of short glass fibers (GF) in polyether-imide. Speed, 5 cm/s in single-pass condition; distance slid, 3.26 m. (a) 120 grade, grit size ≃118 μm. (b) 80 grade, grit size ≃175 μm. Source: Ref 29
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Book Chapter
Wear Failures of Reinforced Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... of reinforced polymers is influenced by the properties of the matrix, the filler, and their bonding; the ratio of grooving depth to the filler size; the shape and size; orientation distribution; hardness of the grit and filler; and the operating parameters. In the case of abrasive wear of reinforced polymers...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews abrasive and adhesive wear failure of reinforced polymers and polymer composites, namely particulate-filled polymers, short-fiber-reinforced polymers, polymers with continuous fibers, and mixed reinforcements and fabrics. It includes scanning electron microscope micrographs of abraded surfaces of composites against 80-grade SiC paper and under 14 N load, and worn surfaces of abraded polyether-imide composites and polyamide 66 unidirectional composites and 66 hybrid composites.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.9781627084284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
Image
General trends indicating effect of microstructure of a composite and the p...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2003
to sliding direction: AP, antiparallel; P, parallel; and N, normal. HS CF and HM CF, high-strength and high-modulus carbon fibers; SF, short fiber; BD, bidirectional; ε f , fracture strain; and E , Young’s modulus. 1, abrasive of larger size; 2, nonabrasive filler/solid lubricant/abrasive filler
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Book Chapter
Tribological Properties of Ceramics, Cermets, and Cemented Carbides
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... for years, while metal devices doing the same job may cut through in days. This is a testimony to the abrasive resistance of alumina; there are hundreds of these ceramic wear parts on every yarn line. Abrasivity Aluminum oxide is used as an abrasive for sandpaper, as shown in Fig. 10.1 . Compared...
Abstract
This chapter concerns itself with the tribology of ceramics, cermets, and cemented carbides. It begins by describing the composition and friction and wear behaviors of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconia. It then compares and contrasts the microstructure, properties, and relative merits of cermets with those of cemented carbides.
Book Chapter
Wear-Resistant Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... with considerably more surface damage evident both visually and in terms of wear rate. High Stress Grinding Abrasion is the operative mechanism in rod and ball milling of limestone and various ores where particle size reduction [1/4 inch (0.6 cm) down to 325 mesh] is the most important event in the process. When...
Abstract
This chapter provides the definitions of fundamental wear mechanisms. The chapter describes the properties and applications of materials used for wear resistance. It discusses the processes involved in screening tests for wear resistance. In addition, the practical application of wear-resistant principles is covered.
Book Chapter
Types of Wear and Erosion and Their Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... the slurry is not corroded by the slurry liquid, as may be the case with a water slurry in plastic pipes, then the material loss will depend on the abrasion action of the slurry particles; this is where particle size is a significant factor. Nanometer- or micrometer-sized particles may have insufficient mass...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbides and Cermets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Table 1 Nominal compositions and properties of representative cobalt-bonded cemented carbides Nominal composition Grain size Hardness, HRA Density Transverse strength Compressive strength Modulus of elasticity Relative abrasion resistance (a) Coefficient of thermal expansion, μm · K...
Abstract
This article discusses the applications, compositions, and properties of cemented carbides and cermets. It explains how alloying elements, grain size, and binder content influence the properties and behaviors of cemented carbides. It also discusses the properties of steel-bonded carbides, or cermets, the various grades available, and the types of applications for which they are suited.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Specimen Preparation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... breakdown Choose softer wheel; reduce coolant flow; use oscillating stroke. Cutter stalls Cutter too light for the work Use heavier cutter; limit sample size. Source: Ref 1 Abrasive wheels should be stored flat to prevent warping (never store abrasive wheels on edge). Also, the wheels...
Abstract
This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.
Book Chapter
Tribological Properties of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... of carbides) in various tool steels. Each relatively at the same size, optical magnification 200× The relative three-body abrasion resistance of common tool steels, which is shown in Fig. 8.11 , correlates with the carbide type and morphology. Type A11 has the highest abrasion resistance (lowest...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of carbon, alloy, and tool steels. It begins a review of commercially available shapes and forms. It then describes the metallurgy and microstructure of various designations and grades of each type of steel and explains how it affects their performance in adhesive and abrasive wear applications and in environments where they are subjected to solid particle, droplet, slurry, and cavitation erosion and fretting damage.
Book Chapter
Material Modifications (Coatings, Treatments, etc.) for Tribological Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... carbon; PVD, physical vapor deposition; HVOF, high-velocity oxyfuel; PAS, plasma arc spraying; EB, electron beam; SMAW, shielded metal arc welding; OAW, oxyacetylene welding Figure 12.1 is also an estimate of the relative size of the technology components that comprise the material-modification...
Abstract
This chapter covers coatings and treatments that are used to improve the friction and wear behaviors of materials. It describes modifications that work by hardening contacting surfaces, including heat treating, vacuum coating, thermal spray, and plating, and those that separate or lubricate surfaces, including solid film, chemical conversion, and vacuum coatings, surface oiling and texturing, and lubricating platings. It compares and contrasts methods based on thickness and depth and their relative effect on friction, erosion, and wear.
Book Chapter
Machining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
...) with a cobalt binder. A remarkable feature of cemented carbides is that they can be tailored to provide different combinations of abrasion resistance and toughness by controlling the amount of cobalt and the WC grain size. Over the years, the basic WC-Co material has been modified to produce a variety...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practical aspects of machining, particularly for turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It begins with a discussion on machinability and its impact on quality and cost. It then describes the dimensional and surface finish tolerances that can be achieved through conventional machining methods, the mechanics of chip formation, the factors that affect tool wear, the selection and use of cutting fluids, and the determination of machining parameters based on force and power requirements. It also includes information on nontraditional machining processes such as electrical discharge, abrasive jet, and hydrodynamic machining, laser and electron beam machining, ultrasonic impact grinding, and electrical discharge wire cutting.
Image
Variation in properties with cobalt content and grain size for straight WC-...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 3 Variation in properties with cobalt content and grain size for straight WC-Co alloys. (a) Variation in hardness. (b) Variation in abrasion resistance. (c) Variation in density. (d) Variation in compressive strength. (e) Variation in transverse rupture strength
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Image
Scanning electron microscope micrographs of abraded polyether-imide (PEI) c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2003
Fig. 9 (Part 1) Scanning electron microscope micrographs of abraded polyether-imide (PEI) composites reinforced by various fabrics; normal load, 12 N; SiC paper, 80 grade (grit size, 175 μm); distance slid, 10 m (33 ft). O P , fabric parallel to the sliding plane; O N , fabric normal
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Book Chapter
Tribotesting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing. abrasion wear testing adhesive wear adhesive wear testing erosion testing tribotesting 5.1 The Need for Tribotesting Most devices and machines of all types contain tribosystems that can fail and make the machine...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.
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