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Welded steel (Steel, general)
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Search Results for Welded steel (Steel, general)
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... by-product on the cut surfaces. A grinding operation following CAC is necessary to remove this layer. Guidelines for Various Base Metals Each group of base metals has specific general repair guidelines that must be followed to ensure successful weld repairs of both ferrous (carbon steels, cast irons...
Abstract
This article describes the repair of weld defects and failed structures. It provides information on three factors that must first be considered before attempting a repair, namely material weldability, nature of the failure that prompted the repair, and involvement of any code requirements. The article discusses the processes involved in welding process selection and the methods of preparing base metal for repair welding. It presents the guidelines for weld repairs of various ferrous (carbon steels, cast irons, and stainless steels) and nonferrous (for example, titanium) base metals.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
..., is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular...
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal structures. Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%. The primary advantage of the ferritic stainless steels, and in particular the high-chromium, high-molybdenum grades, is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided.
Book Chapter
Design Guidelines for Advanced High-Strength Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... of figures and photos organized in six sections: Section 1: General Description of AHSS (definitions, metallurgy, high-strength steel) Section 2: Forming (computerized forming, sheet forming, tube forming, hydroforming) Section 3: Joining (welding procedures) Section 4: Glossary...
Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the experience-based guidelines that were developed for forming and welding advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). It discusses the benefits of using HSS in car body structures and components that are analyzed by the performance indices developed for materials selection.
Book Chapter
Design Guidelines for Advanced High-Strength Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... Abstract This chapter reviews the experience-based guidelines that were developed for forming and welding AHSS. advanced high-strength steel forming welding THE INCREASED USE of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) has created a need to develop a knowledge base of data...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the experience-based guidelines that were developed for forming and welding AHSS.
Book Chapter
Properties of Stainless Steel Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... the toughness, and to decrease residual stresses associated with welding. Postweld heat treatments used for martensitic stainless steels usually take one of two forms. The more common form involves tempering the weldment by heating it below the austenite start temperature, A s ( Fig. 4 ). This is generally...
Abstract
Stainless steel base metals and the welding filler metals used with them are chosen on the basis of suitable corrosion resistance for the intended application. This article describes several constitution diagrams that that have been developed to predict microstructures and properties. This is followed by discussions of weldability, cracking, and the engineering properties of stainless steel welds, namely martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steel welds, austenitic stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Arc Welding of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... contamination, its use is generally limited to special applications, such as the joining of stainless steels, and to plasma arc cutting and gouging. Nitrogen is generally considered to be inert except at high temperatures. At arc welding temperatures, it will react with some metals (e.g., aluminum...
Abstract
Arc welding applies to a large and diversified group of welding processes that use an electric arc as the source of heat to melt and join metals. This chapter provides a detailed overview of specific arc welding methods: shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-GMAW welding, electroslag welding, and electrogas welding. The basic characteristics of gases used for shielding during arc welding are briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Weld Corrosion in Specific Industries and Environments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Abstract This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy Variables in Fusion Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... the base metal, generally outside the HAZ and parallel to the weld fusion boundary. The problem is caused by welds that subject the base metal to tensile loads in the z - or through-direction of the rolled steel. Occasionally the tearing comes to the surface of the metal, but more commonly it remains...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
The Unified Numbering System (UNS) for Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
.... The Copper Development Association and the American Welding Society had numbering systems, but they were outmoded. One of the biggest problems was that AISI announced early in the 1960s that they were discontinuing the practice of assigning numbers to steels. To take care of an immediate need for numbers...
Abstract
This chapter presents the Unified Numbering System (UNS) for metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... body panels, appliances, and light-walled tanks. In the range of 0.15 to 0.30% C (sometimes termed mild steels), the steels are generally easily welded, but because hardening is a possibility, precautions such as preheating may be required at higher manganese levels, in thicker sections, or at high...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... stainless steels provides very good hot cracking resistance. The rapid cooling of welds produces welds and HAZ with more ferrite than the parent metal by quenching in the high-temperature ferrite. Duplex alloys are more sensitive to problems in the HAZ because their generally high chromium and molybdenum...
Abstract
This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics of the categories of stainless steels, namely austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This is followed by a discussion of the selection criteria for materials to be welded. Various welding processes used with stainless steel are then described. The chapter ends with a section on some of the practices to ensure safety and weld quality.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Martensitic Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Book Chapter
Fabrication and Finishing of Metal Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Abstract This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Weldments in Boiling Water Reactor Service
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Abstract This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques, environmental factors, and cracking characteristics. It includes a model that accounts for the primary factors involved in intergranular SCC, namely, tensile stresses above the yield stress of the base material, a sensitized microstructure, and reactor cooling water. The chapter also provides proven remedies and mitigation techniques corresponding to a wide range of issues related to stress, sensitization, and operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Basic Understanding of Weld Corrosion
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
..., particularly those fabricated from high-strength low-alloy steel. This practice leaves a cathodic stainless steel weld deposit in electrical contact with the steel. In the presence of corrosive environments, hydrogen is generated at the austenitic weld metal cathode, which is capable of maintaining a high...
Abstract
Corrosion failures of welds can occur even when the proper base metal and filler metal have been selected, industry codes and standards have been followed, and welds have been deposited that possess full weld penetration and have proper shape and contour. This chapter describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macro- and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this chapter to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing the corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The discussion covers the factors influencing corrosion of weldments, microstructural features of weld microstructures, various forms of weld corrosion, and welding practice to minimize corrosion.
Book Chapter
Weldability and Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... be eliminated in this manner. Generally speaking, if the hardness of the HAZ after welding does not exceed 35 HRC or 327 BHN, preheating of the casting for welding is not required. As additional alloy is added to the steel, the need for preheat increases. Most of the low alloy steels, such as the cast...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basics of weldability of cast steels such as carbon and low alloy steels, corrosion-resistant high alloy steels, nickel-base alloys, heat-resistant high alloy steels, and wear-resistant high austenitic manganese steels. It provides an overview of weld overlay and hard facing; cast-weld construction; and plasma arc cutting and plasma arc welding. The chapter discusses different types of welding processes. These include shielded metal-arc welding, air carbon arc cutting process, gas tungsten-arc welding, gas metal-arc welding process, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, and electroslag and electro-gas welding.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... surfaces generally have inferior corrosion resistance compared to properly acid-pickled surfaces. Unmixed Zones All methods of welding stainless steel with a filler metal produce a weld fusion boundary consisting of base metal that has been melted but not mechanically mixed with filler metal...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors that affect corrosion of stainless steel weldments. It begins by providing an overview of the metallurgical factors associated with welding. This is followed by a discussion on preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates in austenitic stainless steels as well as several forms of corrosion associated with welding. The effects of gas-tungsten arc weld shielding gas composition and heat-tint oxides on corrosion resistance are then covered. Microbiological corrosion of butt welds in water tanks is also illustrated. In addition, the chapter provides information on corrosion of ferritic and duplex stainless steel weldments.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... has been made in defining the correct parameters and chemistry modifications for achieving sound welds. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the development, grade designations, microstructure, properties, and general welding considerations of duplex stainless steel. It also discusses...
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels are two-phase alloys based on the iron-chromium-nickel system. Duplex stainless steels offer corrosion resistance and cost advantages over the common austenitic stainless steels. Although there are some problems with welding duplex alloys, considerable progress has been made in defining the correct parameters and chemistry modifications for achieving sound welds. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the development, grade designations, microstructure, properties, and general welding considerations of duplex stainless steel. It also discusses the influence of ferrite-austenite balance on corrosion resistance and the influence of different welding conditions on various material properties of alloy 2205 (UNS S31803).
Book Chapter
Materials Selection for Corrosion Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... to ensure that the welds are as corrosion resistant as the base metals. Generally, the weld metal must equal the base metal in chemical composition and must be virtually free of surface defects, such as porosity, slag inclusions, incomplete penetration, or lack of fusion, for long, maintenance-free service...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the step-by-step processes by which materials are selected in order to prevent or control corrosion and includes information on materials that are resistant to the various forms of corrosion. The various forms of corrosion covered are general (uniform) corrosion, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... is the preferable microstructure, use of this diagram should reduce problems of hot cracking during welding. Also, the corrosion behavior of stainless steel weld deposits and castings is measurably different depending on whether the stainless steel has a microstructure generated with primary ferrite or primary...
Abstract
This article describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macrocompositional and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this article to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The article discusses the most important methods available to minimize corrosion in weldments.
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