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Book Chapter
Casting Cleaning Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... of new sand to be added to the return sand in green sand systems. Rotary shakeout systems are ideally suited for flaskless green sand and no-bake systems. Smaller volumes of larger sized castings are better suited for vibratory shakeouts, where crane handling and manual intervention are usually...
Abstract
Iron and steel castings require cleaning as they come out of the shakeout units to remove any burned sand and sand that may remain stuck from the mold. This chapter presents the casting cleaning operation sequence. The sequence includes shot blasting; decoring or removal of cores from castings; degating or removal of runners, gates, and feeders; and flash removal and automation. The chapter also presents the objectives of heat treatment and discusses its processes. The chapter describes product quality control. Quality checks are grouped into three categories: material checks, product checks, and functional checks.
Book Chapter
Erosion, Cavitation, Impingement, and Fretting Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... develop across the width of the grains, and the grains become increasingly undulated. Eventually, the undulations develop into craters and material is lost by necking of the rims of the craters. Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrographs of polycrystalline aluminum exposed to vibratory cavitation...
Abstract
This chapter explains how mechanical processes, including erosion, cavitation, impingement, and fretting, contribute to the effects of corrosion in aluminum alloys. It describes the two main types of erosion-corrosion and the factors involved in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.
Book Chapter
Sand Conditioning Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
.... Vibratory feeders are also used to deliver new sand from the hopper to the core sand mixer. The chute is angled at 5° for the flow of the sand. Level sensors in the mixer send a signal to the vibratory motor to turn off once the preset level has been reached. Some foundries use a timer control to regulate...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the elements and functions of sand conditioning equipment which are critical to achieving good quality castings. The sand conditioning equipment include sand muller; core sand mixers; sand conveyors and bucket elevators; sand aerators; mold conveyors; shakeout units; magnetic separators; lump breakers and core crushers; screens; sand coolers; sand reclamation systems; and sand hoppers.
Book Chapter
Finishing, Heat Treatment and Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... together. This energy may be supplied by a vibrating deck or grate, shaker pan conveyor, or any other type of vibratory mechanical action ( Figure 15-1 ). For small castings, the vibratory shakeout action may be combined with a means of conveying the casting to the location where the next operation...
Abstract
After pouring, castings are allowed to solidify and cool. They are later removed from the molds in the shakeout operation. A series of activities then follow, which are generally referred to as finishing and heat treatment. These activities can be broadly categorized as shakeout, abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities.
Book Chapter
Selected Sources of Information: Corrosion Properties of Materials and Corrosion Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
..., Nickel-Rich, Chromium-Bearing Alloys G 30, Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens G 31, Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals G 32, Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Appara- tus G 33, Practice for Recording Data from...
Abstract
This appendix is a comprehensive collection of selected sources related to corrosion properties of materials and corrosion testing.
Book Chapter
Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... by applying heat or stress. The α′ phase is supersaturated alpha formed by a diffusionless shearlike transformation of the beta phase at or below the martensite start (M s ) temperature by rapid cooling beta-lean alloys. Figure 7.9 shows α′ in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy formed by water quenching the alloy from...
Abstract
The practical application of metals and alloys is guided largely by information obtained through the study of their microstructure. This chapter examines a wide range of titanium microstructures, identifying characteristic features and explaining what they reveal about processing, properties, and performance. It includes images of elongated and equiaxed structures, primary alpha, transformed beta, and metastable phases as well as spheroidal and intergranular beta, alpha case, and intermetallic compounds. It also defines important terms and provides step-by-step procedures for preparing titanium for metallographic analysis.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... on the observation that tensile strain (ε) is linearly proportional to the applied stress (σ). This linear relationship provides an adequate description of the behavior of metals and alloys under most practical situations. However, when materials are subjected to cyclic or vibratory loading, even slight departures...
Abstract
The tensile test provides a relatively easy, inexpensive technique for developing mechanical property data for the selection, qualification, and utilization of metals and alloys in engineering service. The tensile test requires interpretation, and interpretation requires a knowledge of the factors that influence the test results. This chapter provides a metallurgical perspective for such interpretation. The topics covered include elastic behavior, anelasticity, damping, proportional limit, yield point, ultimate strength, toughness, ductility, strain hardening, and yielding and the onset of plasticity. The chapter describes the effects of grain size on yielding, effect of cold work on hardness and strength, and effects of temperature and strain-rate on the properties of metals and alloys. It provides information on true stress-strain relationships and special tests developed to measure the effects of test/specimen conditions. Finally, the chapter covers the characterization of tensile fractures of ductile metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Industrial Applications of Steel Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
...” of vibratory soil compactors. Feet (120 are used in the largest model) are tapered, flat top units about 5 in. (130 mm) high with a 14 in. 2 (90 cm) cross-sectional area. The hitch housing ( Figure 2-55 ) produced in medium carbon cast steel is a highly stressed part. The streamlined design prevents...
Abstract
Steel castings are produced in thousands of designs for different applications. They fill needs in many industries, including transportation, construction machinery, earthmoving equipment, rolling mills, mining, oil and gas exploration, and power generation. This chapter touches upon the variety of applications for which steel castings can be supplied and the ranges of casting size and complexity. Photographs in this chapter provide an understanding of these applications, their size and complexity, and the types of cast steels produced.
Book Chapter
Specimen Preparation for Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... epitaxially and frequently is observed as a white-etching surface layer on steels. This zone exhibits high hardness, which is due to the presence of as-quenched martensite, and retained austenite. High residual tensile stresses are produced. Beneath the white-etching as-cast layer is a dark-etching heat...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes and cures. It also provides recommendations for handling specific materials and addresses safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Common Causes of Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
.... Improper Design Underestimate of service stress Undesirable geometry Stress concentrators Inadequate radii at corners Inaccessibility for inspection Difficult to fabricate Improper choice of materials Improper choice of heat treatment Environmental effects Ad hoc...
Abstract
This chapter identifies the primary causes of service failures and discusses the types of defects from which they stem. It presents more than a dozen examples of failures attributed to such causes as design defects, material defects, and manufacturing or processing defects as well as assembly errors, abnormal operating conditions, and inadequate maintenance. It also describes the precise usage of terms such as defect, flaw, imperfection, and discontinuity.
Book Chapter
Powder Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... of application. Depending on application stress levels, different materials and density levels are used. For example, iron-carbon or iron-carbon-copper materials with densities of 6.0 to 6.8 g/cm 3 are used in gear pumps for low-pressure applications such as engine lubrication and automatic transmissions...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (P/M) is a flexible metalworking process for the production of gears. The P/M process is capable of producing close tolerance gears with strengths to 1240 MPa at economical prices in higher volume quantities. This chapter discusses the capabilities, limitations, process advantages, forms, tolerances, design, tooling, performance, quality control, and inspection of P/M gear manufacture. In addition, it presents examples that illustrate the versatility of the P/M process for gear manufacture.
Book Chapter
Tribotesting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... used in an engine. The bearings similarly are tested, but the oils must withstand bench tests at an elevated temperature and 10,000 rpm in a rolling element bearing with heavy contact stresses, near the compressive strength of the bearing steel. Typically, only two out of ten candidate oils can qualify...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.
Book Chapter
Creep Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... Abstract This chapter familiarizes readers with the mechanisms involved in creep and how they are related to fatigue behavior. It explains that what we observe as creep deformation is the gradual displacement of atoms in the direction of an applied stress aided by diffusion, dislocation...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the mechanisms involved in creep and how they are related to fatigue behavior. It explains that what we observe as creep deformation is the gradual displacement of atoms in the direction of an applied stress aided by diffusion, dislocation movement, and grain boundary sliding. It describes these mechanisms in qualitative terms, explaining how they are driven by thermal energy and how they can be analyzed using creep curves and deformation maps. In addition, it examines the types of damage associated with creep, presents a number of creep strain and strain rate equations, explains how to determine creep constants, and reviews the findings of several studies on cyclic loading. It also discusses the development of a novel test that measures the cyclic creep-rupture resistance of materials in tension and compression.
Book Chapter
Finishing and Coating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
..., edges, and corners of the parts, or to cause the parts to rub against each other, or both. This action may deburr, generate edge and corner radii, clean the parts by removing rust and scale, and modify the surface stress. The basic mass finishing processes include: Barrel finishing Vibratory...
Abstract
This chapter covers a wide range of finishing and coating operations, including cleaning, honing, polishing and buffing, and lapping. It discusses the use of rust-preventative compounds, conversion coatings, and plating metals as well as weld overlay, thermal spray, and ceramic coatings and various pack cementation and deposition processes. It also discusses the selection and use of industrial paints and paint application methods.
Book Chapter
Steel Products and Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... combinations of properties, such as ductility, formability, and machinability. The various heat treatment processes include annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by quenching and tempering (see Chapter 9, “Heat Treatment of Steel,” in this book). Quality Descriptors...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Book Chapter
Analytical Equipment
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... material strength, susceptibility to temperature and humidity cycles, and other related characteristics. Techniques in this area include stress analysis as well as testing for hardness, materials strength, fatigue, environment, and accelerated aging. Chemical and composition analysis for assessing...
Abstract
After the fault-tree, a failure-cause identification method has identified potential failure causes and the failure analysis team has prepared a failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A). The team knows specifically what to search for when examining components and subassemblies from the failed system. There are numerous techniques and technologies available for examining and analyzing components and subassemblies, which are categorized as follows: optical approaches, dimensional inspection and related approaches, nondestructive test approaches, mechanical and environmental approaches, and chemical and composition analysis for assessing material characteristics. This chapter is a detailed account of the working principle and the steps involved in these techniques and technologies.
Book Chapter
Cleaning and Finishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... superalloys are extremely susceptible to what may appear to be minor changes in surface environment. For instance, residual stresses play an important role in the life of a component. Favorable residual stresses frequently are introduced by machining. An attempt to remove contaminants by mechanical...
Abstract
Superalloys are susceptible to damage from a variety of surface contaminants. They may also require special surface finishes for subsequent processing steps such as coating applications. This chapter describes some of the cleaning and finishing procedures that have been developed for superalloys and how they work. It discusses the effect of metallic contaminants, tarnish, oxide, and scale and how they can be detected and removed. It also discusses chemical and mechanical surface finishing techniques and where they are used, and presents several application examples.
Book Chapter
Special Sample Preparation and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... material properties contained in one composite material. Boron fibers are extremely brittle and the critical crack length is sufficiently short that any stress raiser or abrasion may result in the fiber shattering ( Fig. 4.2 ). Given this, trying to cross section and polish boron fiber composites...
Abstract
The most common methods for preparing polymeric composites for microscopic analysis can be used for most fiber-reinforced composite materials. There are, however, a few composite materials that require special preparation techniques. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the preparation of titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, titanium/polymeric composite hybrids, and uncured prepreg materials.
Book Chapter
Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... development are common areas where this technique is invaluable. An ideal thin section is one where the only residual stress and strain that should be observed is that from the original specimen rather than introduced by the preparation technique ( Ref 3 , 4 ). Polymeric materials cannot be microtomed (which...
Abstract
Transmitted-light methods reveal more details of the morphology of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites than are observable using any other available microscopy techniques. This chapter describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted-light microscopy techniques. The preparation steps covered are a selection of the rough section, preparation of the rough section for preliminary mounting, grinding and polishing the primary-mount first surface, mounting the first surface on a glass slide, and preparing the second surface (top surface). The optimization of microscope conditions and analysis of specimens by microscopy techniques are also covered. In addition, examples of composite ultrathin sections that are analyzed using transmitted-light microscopy contrast methods are shown throughout.
Book Chapter
Materials Selection for Corrosion Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered. materials selection corrosion control general corrosion localized...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the step-by-step processes by which materials are selected in order to prevent or control corrosion and includes information on materials that are resistant to the various forms of corrosion. The various forms of corrosion covered are general (uniform) corrosion, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered.
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