Search Results for Unalloyed steel

The possible classification for tool steels is their division into four groups according to their final application: hot-worked, cold-worked, plastic mold, and high-speed tool steels. This chapter mainly follows such division by application, but the grade nomenclatures used here are primarily from AISI. It presents the classification of tool steels and discusses the principles and processes of tool steel heat treating, namely normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering. Various factors associated with distortion in several tool steels are also covered. The chapter discusses the composition, classification, and properties of unalloyed and low-alloy cold-worked tool steels; medium and high-alloy cold-worked tool steels; and 18% nickel maraging steels.

This chapter provides a detailed discussion of salt bath nitrocarburizing. Process variations discussed include low-cyanide salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing, salt bath nitrocarburizing plus post treatment, and the Kolene Nu-Tride process.

This chapter discusses the corrosion behavior of titanium, the types of corrosion that can occur, and the effect of alloying on corrosion resistance. It explains that, due to its tenacious oxide film, titanium has excellent corrosion resistance in oxidizing environments and that the resistance can be extended into the “reducing-acid” region by adding a small amount of palladium. It describes how different grades of titanium respond to different forms of attack, including uniform, crevice, and galvanic corrosion. It also identifies applications where corrosion is often a concern.

This appendix includes composition limit data for aluminum castings and ingots.

This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of common refractory metals, including molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. It provides an overview of each metal and its alloys, describing the compositions, properties, and processing characteristics as well as the effect of alloying elements. It also discusses strengthening mechanisms and, where appropriate, corrosion behavior.

This article covers the metallurgy and properties of gray irons. It describes the classes or grades of gray iron, the types of applications for which they are suited, and the corresponding compositional ranges. It discusses the role of major, minor, and trace elements, how they are added, and how they affect various properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics. It explains how silicon, chromium, and nickel, in particular, improve high-temperature, corrosion, and wear performance.

This chapter is a detailed account of heat treating techniques for cast irons (gray and ductile), providing the reader with a basic understanding of the differences among various types of cast irons and the concept of carbon equivalent. The types of heat treatments discussed are stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, surface hardening, quenching, martempering, austempering, and flame and induction hardening.

Titanium and its alloys are used chiefly for their high strength-to-weight ratio, but they also have excellent corrosion resistance, better even than stainless steels. Titanium, as the chapter explains, is protected by a tenacious oxide film that forms rapidly on exposed surfaces. The chapter discusses the factors that influence the growth and quality of this naturally passivating film, particularly the role of oxidizing and inhibiting species, temperature, and alloying elements. It also discusses the effect of different corrosion processes and environments as well as hydrogen, stress-corrosion cracking, liquid metal embrittlement, and surface treatments.

This appendix contains several tables listing UNS numbers, common names, and descriptions of important titanium alloys and where they are typically used.

This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of titanium. It explains how alloying elements affect transformation temperatures, tensile and creep strength, elasticity, hardness, and corrosion behaviors. It provides composition and property data for commercial grades of titanium, addresses processing issues, and identifies operating environments where certain titanium alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.

Cast irons, like steels, are iron-carbon alloys but with higher carbon levels than steels to take advantage of eutectic solidification in the binary iron-carbon system. Like steel, heat treatment of cast iron includes stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, through hardening, and surface hardening. This chapter introduces solid-state heat treatment of iron castings, covering general considerations for heat treatment and discussing the processes, advantages, and disadvantages of heat treatment of cast iron.

Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.