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Image
in Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 1.9 Relationship between stress amplitude and minimum depth of surface defects for 12% Cr steel and a 2.0% NiCrMoV steel. Source: Ref 1.22
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Published: 30 April 2025
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 5 Optical micrographs showing defects on the inner surface of type 304 stainless steel pipe near weld root (a) and near through crack (b). Both 670×
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Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 9 Typical casting defects. (a) Inclusion (arrow) on machined surface of a casting. (b) Typical micrograph of gas porosity. Original magnification: 100×. (c) Micrograph of low-alloy steel shrinkage crack. Original magnification: 7.5×. (d) Optical micrograph of a hot tear in a casting
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 9 Typical casting defects. (a) Inclusion (arrow) on machined surface of a casting. (b) Typical micrograph of gas porosity. Original magnification: 100×. (c) Micrograph of low-alloy steel shrinkage crack. Original magnification: 7.5×. (d) Optical micrograph of a hot tear in a casting
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Image
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 1 Typical casting defects. (a) Inclusion (arrow) on machined surface of a casting. (b) Typical micrograph of gas porosity. Original magnification: 100×. (c) Micrograph of low alloy steel shrinkage crack. Original magnification: 7.5×. (d) Optical micrograph of a hot tear in a casting
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Image
in Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 1.6 Optical micrographs showing defects on the inner surface of type 304 stainless steel pipe (a) near weld root and (b) near through-crack. Original magnification of both: 1000×
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings...
Abstract
The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.33 Cross section of a defect close to the surface of a steel part. The defect may be a pore or a gas bubble that was open to the part surface, making possible the severe decarburization of this region. The defect is partially closed, probably due to further hot working. In these cases
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... is included that encompasses techniques used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. The next group of characterization procedures discussed is destructive tests, requiring the removal of specimens...
Abstract
This article reviews nondestructive and destructive test methods used to characterize welds. The first process of characterization discussed involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. An overview of nondestructive evaluation is included that encompasses techniques used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. The next group of characterization procedures discussed is destructive tests, requiring the removal of specimens from the weld. The third component of weld characterization is the measurement of mechanical and corrosion properties. Following the discussion on the characterization procedures, the second part of this article provides examples of how two particular welds were characterized according to these procedures.
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Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 10.14 Mill surface. (a) Mill finish surface on rolled aluminum sheet. (b) Fine brush-like die lines observed between larger extruded surface defects. Original length of arrow represents approximately 25 mm
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... an induction-hardened part can be important. Parts that are heated with high austenitizing temperature can have surface defects such as blisters or solidified melts. Another common effect is the formation of scale during austenitizing. Scale formation is a natural product of all steel parts that are heat...
Abstract
The surface condition of metals can have a significant effect on the outcome of high-temperature processes and vice versa. This chapter discusses the general cleaning and surface treatment needs of work in-process both before and after induction hardening. It identifies contaminants and defects associated with various quenchants and processing atmospheres and provides insights on how they can be removed and, in some cases, prevented. It also recommends the application of a rust preventative shortly after parts have cooled.
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 9.13 Die drawing seamless tubing. Starting material is an extruded tube hollow free from surface defects. Wall thickness and diameter are reduced by die drawing over a plug or bar mandrel.
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 9.3 Two conditioning processes are intermediate grinding, which is performed on semifinished billets to minimize yield loss, and final conditioning, where billets are completely ground to remove scale. Any surface defects remaining are later removed by spot grinding. This ensures
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... decarburization when induction hardening. Also, the nature and origin of various defects are explained so that proper analysis can be used to identify defects, both before and after induction hardening, that may make workpieces nonconforming. Decarburization Decarburization is a surface condition...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to recognize decarburization and related defects. It includes images showing how decarburization appears in various steels, discusses stock removal practices, and describes common defects and flaws such as quench cracks and where they are typically found.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... of decarburization and other steel surface defects, the following guidelines have been established: Stock removal for cold-finished steel . Standard quality cold-finished bars are produced from hot-rolled steel. Therefore, the original decarburization that was present on the hot-rolled stock is still present...
Abstract
This appendix discusses in brief the sources of decarburization of steels as well as the effect of heat treatment on the process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... The most effective method for the inside flaw inspection of cold drawn bars is ultrasonic flaw detection. However, it is necessary to detect the smaller defects in the near surface area. The conventional normal beam method ( Fig. 4a ) is not satisfactory, because of the untested area near the surface...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inspection of steel bars for the detection and evaluation of flaws. The principles involved also apply, for the most part, to the inspection of steel wire. The nondestructive inspection methods discussed include magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection. Eddy current and magnetic permeability are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... is performed on semifinished billets to minimize yield loss, and final conditioning, where billets are completely ground to remove scale. Any surface defects remaining are later removed by spot grinding. This ensures that a superior product is provided when machining, centerless grinding, and bar peeling...
Abstract
Most integrated titanium mills have primary working equipment designed specifically for titanium. This chapter describes the forging, rolling, and extruding equipment used to produce titanium mill products and sheds light on the corresponding process, structure, property relationships.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... feature, such as surface or subsurface blisters and other undesirable surface defects. It is essential to recognize that accumulation of the billet surface layer into an extrusion butt of adequate size is desirable compared with the detachment of oxide skin from the container surface and emanating...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of hard alloys. The chapter provides an overview of hollow extrusion for aerospace application. It presents extrusion defects related to hard alloys. The chapter describes the extrusion quality requirements for aerospace applications. It also discusses extrusion of aluminum-matrix composites. The chapter outlines the powder metallurgy process for making billets for extrusion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... forgings are seams, laps, and slivers. Laps and seams ( Fig. 8a – c ) are surface discontinuities that are caused by folding over of metal without fusion. They are usually filled with scale and, on steel components, are enclosed by a layer of decarburized metal. Laps, seams, and other surface defects...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
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