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Steam cleaning
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... be fixed or portable Wet abrasive grit blasting Same as dry except, where deposits are light, better surface and better control of dimensions are required Wire brushing Removing light deposits of scale, flux, and stopoff High-pressure water and steam Typically used with an alkaline cleaner...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... The heat transfer surfaces are therefore required to be periodically cleaned using air, steam, water, or mixtures thereof. On account of the very nature of this fuel, BLRBs suffer from various forms of fire-side corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and erosion related problems. The fact remains that black liquor...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.9781627082532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... at the fusion line. Source: Ref 23 Improper PWHT can, however, lead to corrosion failures. Example 2 describes failure of type 430 tube-to-header welds that failed in a heat recovery steam generator because of problems associated with PWHT. Example 1: Leaking Welds in a Ferritic Stainless Steel...
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal structures. Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%. The primary advantage of the ferritic stainless steels, and in particular the high-chromium, high-molybdenum grades, is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Room on the 53rd floor. The Executive Dining Room, on the same floor, had a kitchen with type 302 stainless steel sinks, work surfaces, and steam table. Type 302 was also used on the interior for railings, column covers, and the escalators that led to the actual bank on the second floor. Although...
Abstract
Stainless steels have a wide variety of applications for household products, food-handling equipment, major appliances, medical equipment, and industrial equipment. Stainless is also featured in many architectural designs and monuments. Many of the most important applications of stainless steel can be found in the transportation industry, where both the cutlery martensitic and the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels have been used. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... ), 2008 , p 2441 – 2449 5.25 “ Standard Test Methods for Accumulated Deposition in a Steam Generator Tube ,” ASTM D-3483-83, Annual Book of ASTM Standards , ASTM , 2005 5.26 Majnouni M.D. and Jaffer A.E. , Chemical Cleaning of an Industrial Boiler—An Overview , The Analyst...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the most effective tools for investigating boiler tube failures, including scanning electron microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It explains how the tools work and what they reveal. It also covers the topic of image analysis and its application in the measurement of grain size, phase/volume fraction, delta ferrite and retained austenite, inclusion rating, depth of carburization/decarburization, scale thickness, pearlite banding, microhardness, and hardness profiles. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the effect of scaling and deposition and how to measure it.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
...Abstract Abstract This chapter provides practical information on surface treatments that work by altering the surface chemistry of metals and alloys. It discusses the use of phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well as anodizing, steam oxidation, diffusion coatings, and pack...
Abstract
This chapter provides practical information on surface treatments that work by altering the surface chemistry of metals and alloys. It discusses the use of phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well as anodizing, steam oxidation, diffusion coatings, and pack cementation. The chapter also covers ion implantation and laser alloying.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... and then through various cleaning devices. Fig. 5.1. Typical cross section of large drum-type utility boiler, showing major water- and steam-cooled tube circuits. The gas flow past the fire side of the boiler tubes originates in the waterwall section and ends with the economizer. The flow...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms associated with boiler components and the tools and techniques used to assess damages and predict remaining component life. It begins with a review of the design and operation of a utility boiler and the materials used in construction. It then describes the various causes of failure in boiler tubes, headers, and steam pipes, explaining how and why they occur, how they are diagnosed, and how to mitigate their effects. The final and by far largest section in the chapter is a tutorial on damage and life assessment techniques for boiler components and assemblies. It demonstrates the use of various methods, including analytical techniques that estimate life expenditure based on operating history, component geometry, and material properties; predictive methods based on the extrapolation of failure statistics; methods that predict life based on dimensional measurements; methods based on metallographic studies; methods based on temperature estimates; and a method for estimating remaining life under creep conditions based on stress-rupture testing of service-exposed material samples. The chapter also discusses the use of fracture mechanics and presents a number of cases in which life assessments are made based on the integration of several methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
...-pressure, high-temperature water and steam from the inside. As a result, and despite due care, tubes fail from time to time, leading to forced outages. Most boiler tube failures can be attributed to faulty operating conditions, improper or inadequate maintenance, and improper engineering practices...
Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the failure modes and mechanisms associated with most boiler tube failures in coal-fired power plants. Primary categories include stress rupture failures, water-side corrosion, fire-side corrosion, fire-side erosion, fatigue, operation failures, and insufficient quality control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... Atmospheres Dissociated Ammonia Dry Hydrogen Atmospheres Argon Steam Atmospheres Conduction of heat in a solid such as a metal workpiece is the transfer of heat from one part of the solid to another, under the influence of a temperature gradient and without appreciable displacement...
Abstract
This chapter, a detailed account of furnaces and related equipment for heat treating, begins by describing three basic modes of heat transmission, namely conduction, convection, and radiation, followed by a discussion on the working principle, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of furnaces classified based on the heat transfer medium employed. The types of furnaces covered are batch-type, continuous-type, liquid bath, fluidized bed, and vacuum. The subsequent sections provide information on furnace parts, fixtures, quenching mediums, and quenching systems. The final section of the chapter describes the types of atmospheres available, emphasizing their applications and limitations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
..., as access to the internal cavity was limited. The redesign shown incorporates the Omega section design and achieved a cost saving of 25%, as the core rods can now be removed and the internal cavity can be inspected and cleaned easily. A simple plate is cut and welded into place to produce the final steam...
Abstract
This chapter explains various aspects of the foundry process that the design engineer should consider when designing steel castings. It discusses special feeding aids, such as tapers, padding, ribs, and chills that may be used by foundry personnel to promote directional solidification. The chapter addresses the design of castings to reduce the occurrence of internal shrinkage. It provides a detailed discussion on design considerations for molding, cleaning, machining, and function.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... or corrodent °C °F Chemical/petrochemical Ethylene steam cracking furnace tubes to 1000 to 1830 Carburization, oxidation Steam reforming tubes to 1000 to 1830 Oxidation, carburization Vinyl chloride crackers to 650 to 1200 Halide gas Hydrocracking heaters, reactors to 550...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on various factors to be considered at design stage to minimize corrosion. It begins by providing information on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. This is followed by a description of several factors influencing materials-component failure. Details on design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion, are then provided. The chapter ends with a discussion on the design factors that influence corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...Abstract Abstract This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... are water-based and must be correctly cured. Any water remaining in the stop-off paint will manifest itself during nitriding. The water will form a steam pocket under the paint, producing a bubble. When the bubble bursts, a localized hard spot will form on the exposed steel. Stop-off paint residues can...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.9781627083409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... with advanced steam plants and their respective solutions. The discussion covers the selection of materials on a component-specific basis for boilers as well as steam turbines. boilers material selection steam turbines General Requirements Increasing the efficiency of power plants can result...
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of power plants by operating at higher temperatures and pressures and adding a double-reheat feature comes at the expense of shortened lifetimes for critical components. This chapter provides an overview of the material-related problems associated with advanced steam plants and their respective solutions. The discussion covers the selection of materials on a component-specific basis for boilers as well as steam turbines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... the effect of impurities and feedwater parameters on high-pressure boiler components. It discusses deposition and scaling, types of corrosion, and carryover, a condition that occurs when steam becomes contaminated with droplets of boiler water. The chapter also covers water treatment procedures, including...
Abstract
Water chemistry is a factor in nearly all boiler tube failures. It contributes to the formation of scale, biofilms, and sludge, determines deposition rates, and drives the corrosion process. This chapter explains how water chemistry is managed in boilers and describes the effect of impurities and feedwater parameters on high-pressure boiler components. It discusses deposition and scaling, types of corrosion, and carryover, a condition that occurs when steam becomes contaminated with droplets of boiler water. The chapter also covers water treatment procedures, including filtration, chlorination, ion exchange, demineralization, reverse osmosis, caustic and chelant treatment, oxygen scavenging, and colloidal, carbonate, phosphate, and sodium aluminate conditioning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
.... Oxynitrocarburizing involves introducing oxygen—in the form of steam, oxygen, or nitrous oxide—in a controlled manner into the process chamber. The process gas must be carefully selected. Steam may cause problems with electrical equipment such as power feedthroughs and control systems. Nitrous oxide or oxygen...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... of the reheater (1000 °F steam) for 3½ years in a 255 MW(e) subcritical boiler, which burned high chlorine coal (about 0.3%). The 304H reheater tubes exhibited a typical 4 year life. Courtesy of Welding Services Inc. Fig. 10.89 The cross section of alloy 52/304H overlay tube after testing as part...
Abstract
This chapter discusses material-related problems associated with coal-fired burners. It explains how high temperatures affect heat-absorbing surfaces in furnace combustion areas and in the convection pass of superheaters and reheaters. It describes how low-NOx combustion technology, intended to reduce NOx emissions, accelerates tube wall wastage. It also covers circumferential cracking in furnace waterwalls, thermal fatigue cracking induced by waterlances and water cannons, superheater-reheater corrosion, and erosion in fluidized-bed boilers.