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Search Results for Spring steel
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Image
Published: 30 November 2013
Fig. 4 Curved strip of thin spring steel, such as a tape measure or Venetian blind slat, supported horizontally as a cantilever beam (a) stable with concave side on top; (b) unstable with convex side on top, buckles readily.
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Image
in Surface Engineering to Change the Surface Metallurgy
> Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Published: 01 March 2001
Image
Published: 01 November 2011
Image
Published: 30 November 2013
Fig. 20 Sketch of a Belleville spring washer showing how fatigue cracks can form in a nominally compressive stress area. The spring, actually a cone-shaped spring steel washer, is shown in the (a) free condition and in the (b) flattened condition. When flat, the corner of the hole
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Image
Published: 30 November 2013
Fig. 11 (a) Ductile fracture through type 420 stainless steel hardened to 51 HRC equivalent (1000×). (b) A woody texture, indicative of ductile fracture, through grade 9254 spring steel.
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Published: 01 December 2004
of the material. Point A represents the elastic limit of the spring steel; point B represents that of the structural steel.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
...” in a metal tape measure is usually made of thin spring steel that is slightly curved. If the tape is held horizontally, as in Fig. 4 , and supported at one end only to make a cantilever beam, a fairly long length can be extended if the concave surface is the upper side. However, if the tape is reversed so...
Abstract
Distortion failures are readily identified by the inherent change in size and/or shape. They are serious because they can lead to other types of failure or may even cause complete collapse of structures, such as bridges, ladders, beams, and columns. Distortion failures may be classified in different ways. One way is to consider them either as dimensional distortion (growth or shrinkage) or as shape distortion (such as bending, twisting, or buckling). They may also be classified as being either temporary or permanent in nature. This chapter discusses the nature, causes, and effects of all of these types of failures as well as the methods to manage them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... of a hollow piston inside which a steel spring, a spring seat, and a spring guide were located. Four of the seven springs had suffered abnormal wear at the spring seat end. Six spring seats were available for examination. Three of them contained the impression of the springs on one side only...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the key findings of an investigation into the failure of an aircraft engine fuel pump. It explains how investigators came to the conclusion that metal slivers from a heavily worn spring may have interrupted the flow of lubricant to one of the slipper pads, causing adhesive wear and the welding of slipper pad material onto the surface of a mating cam plate. Excessive friction between the slipper pads and cam plate, in turn, created a torsional overload that caused the camshaft to break. The chapter presents SEM images showing the wear pattern on one of the springs along with photographs of the damaged slipper pads and cam plate. It also includes an image of a copper flake found in one of the pistons and discusses the results of qualitative x-ray chemical analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... and beach marks on the piston along with a nick on the opposite side of the barrel. In addition, the metal around the corresponding hole in the rotor had plastically deformed and the slipper pad was gone. Based on the investigation, the failure most likely occurred due to a problem with the spring guides...
Abstract
An aircraft fuel pump failed just after takeoff, resulting in engine flameout. Investigators discovered that one of the seven pistons broke into several pieces, causing the quill shaft to fracture. An examination of the fracture surfaces revealed severe rubbing on the quill shaft and beach marks on the piston along with a nick on the opposite side of the barrel. In addition, the metal around the corresponding hole in the rotor had plastically deformed and the slipper pad was gone. Based on the investigation, the failure most likely occurred due to a problem with the spring guides or a jammed slipper pad. The chapter provides several recommendations to avoid such failures in the future.
Image
in Case Studies of Induction Heating
> Handbook of Induction Soldering: Principles, Processing, and Applications
Published: 31 December 2024
Fig. 11.130 Induction heating arrangement for the joining of a metal bellows/spring plate to the connecting piece with capillary tubes. 1, pressure pin (ceramic or nonmagnetic steel); 2, metal bellows with spring plate; 3, connecting piece (brass); 4, capillary tubes (copper); 5, inductor coil
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... residual stresses when the load is released.” This type of fatigue fracture can be illustrated with the example of the Belleville spring washer, a hardened spring steel washer that is cone shaped in order to give high spring rates in limited space, as shown in Fig. 20 . Fig. 20 Sketch...
Abstract
Fatigue fractures are generally considered the most serious type of fracture in machinery parts simply because fatigue fractures can and do occur in normal service, without excessive overloads, and under normal operating conditions. This chapter first discusses the three stages (initiation, propagation, and final rupture) of fatigue fracture followed by a discussion of its microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The relationship between stress and strength in fatigue is explained. The next section provides information that may help the uninitiated to appreciate some of the problems of laboratory fatigue testing and of the fatigue process itself. Finally, information on types and statistical aspects of fatigue is provided along with examples.
Image
Published: 01 May 2018
FIG. 11.12 Tom Girdler, president of Republic Steel, testifying about the company’s actions during the Little Steel strike of spring 1937.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... transmitting the force from the nest of springs through levers to the brake system was a single steel rod at the center of the nest of springs. This steel rod fractured due to a fatigue crack that was not detected earlier. It resulted in the failure of the brake system, and the miners’ cage could...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the ways that the lessons learned from failures have benefitted society, leading to improved product designs, better materials, safer industrial processes, and more robust codes and standards. It also provides several examples of how the technology and procedures associated with aviation security have been upgraded in the wake of air disasters.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... with a recommendation to consider adding spring washers to the assembly. cadmium-plated bolts fractography scanning electron microscopy Summary Cadmium-plated high-strength steel bolts used in a radar antenna system reflector joint fractured at the fillet of the head. The fracture was intergranular...
Abstract
Structural members in a radar antenna system are held together by cadmium-plated high-strength steel bolts, several of which had fractured along the fillet near the head. Investigators determined that the bolts did not seat properly, making contact only at the periphery, which subjected them to high stress concentrations in the fillet region. They also concluded that the intergranular nature of the fracture, as revealed by scanning electron fractography, pointed to hydrogen embrittlement as a contributing factor. This chapter provides a summary of the investigation along with a recommendation to consider adding spring washers to the assembly.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... to characterize the strength and ductility (a measure of bendability) of metals and other materials. The majority of such tests used to characterize the mechanical properties of steel are discussed in this chapter. The Tensile Test Consider the simple example of pulling apart a small spring a fair amount...
Abstract
Metals are used in many engineering applications because of their mechanical properties, particularly strength and ductility. This chapter explains how mechanical properties are measured and how to interpret the results. It describes the most widely used tests, including tensile tests; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... testing and analysis to evaluate spring performance at tolerance extremes. Apache Main Rotor Blade Chapter 1 mentions the Apache helicopter main rotor blade failures. McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company engineers designed the Apache helicopter blade (a bonded stainless steel, carbon fiber...
Abstract
In some cases, the failure analysis team finds that all components meet their requirements, the system was properly assembled, and it was not operated or tested in an out-of-specification manner, yet it still failed. When this occurs, the only conclusion the failure analysis team can reach is that it missed something in its analysis or that the design is defective. This chapter focuses on the latter possibility by discussing the various factors that a failure analysis team should consider to identify the causes of defects in system design. These include requirements identification and verification, circuit performance, mechanical failures, materials compatibility, and environmental factors. Examples that illustrate the value of design analysis are also presented.
Image
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 9 Evaluation of cast transmission housing assembly. (a) Photograph of cast part. (b) Digital radiography image used to verify the steel spring pin and shuttle valve assembly through material thicknesses ranging from 3 mm (⅛
in.) in the channels to 25 mm (1 in.) in the rib sections
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... The heat-treated Ford vanadium steel was also used in axles, shafts, springs, and gears. The increased strength allowed weight savings, but the heat treatment also resulted in improved toughness, or shock resistance. Mr. Ford recognized the great possibilities of this shock-resisting steel. It was a must...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the technological milestones of the early 20th century, including the invention of tungsten carbide tool steel, the use of age-hardening aluminum in the Wright Flyer , the development of a new heat treating process for aluminum alloys, and Ford’s pioneering use of weight-saving vanadium alloys in Model T cars. It explains how interest in chromium alloys spread throughout the world, spurring the development of commercial stainless steels. The chapter concludes with a bullet point timeline of early 20th century achievements and a brief assessment of more recent innovations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... at failure. Fig. 6.25 Breakaway post Rapid Progressive-Cure Filament-Wound Vehicle Spring The spring shown in Fig. 6.26 replaces one of metal. The advantage is that the filament-wound spring is elastic and returns to shape after many load cycles. The steel spring relaxes during its life...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the hardware requirements for filament winding, from elementary processing equipment to more advanced systems. The chapter describes the equipment, defines how it is best used, and presents real-life examples. It describes a helical horizontal filament winding machine system and a vertical winding machine. The chapter provides information on in-plane (polar) winders and several types of creels, namely stationary and no twist, rotating, braking, and combinations thereof. Comprehensive descriptions of mandrel designs used in filament winding are presented in text and illustration. The chapter also reviews process control of filament winding parameters, including for some specialized winding processes and unique component types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... for specific applications include so-called electrical steels (for magnetic properties), spring steels (for high strength and fatigue resistance), and structural steels (for good combinations of both strength and toughness). Steels can be extruded, drawn, stamped, rolled, welded, and forged into many forms...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
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